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Effect of caffeine, nicotine, alcohol, epinephrine on Daphnia

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Effect of caffeine, nicotine, alcohol, epinephrine on Daphnia
03 - 31 - 2006

RESULTS:

In this experiment the effect of different hormones on heart rate of _Daphnia_ was examined. It was investigated which substances act as stimulants and which substances act as depressant. Initially, _Daphnia_ was placed on depression slide under the microscope and the average heart rate was determined. Subsequently, _Daphnia_ was treated with different type of hormone and the effect on Daphnia heart rate was observed. It was investigated which substances act as stimulants and which substances act as depressant. Daphnia was treated with aged water, caffeine, ethyl alcohol, nicotine, and epinephrine, and their effect on heart rate of Daphnia was observed. The results are posted on table 1:

Table 1: Average heart rate for Daphnia at pre-stimulus and post stimulus for different hormones:

# OF TRY

AGED WATER

CAFFEINE

ETHYL ALCOHOL

NICOTINE

EPINEPHRINE

CONTROL

TREATED

CONTROL

TREATED

CONTROL

TREATED

CONTROL

TREATED

CONTROL

TREATED

1

277.2

278

285.2

343.2

297.2

266.8

318.5

274

298

344.8

2

204.68

200.67

189.3

272

228

171.3

270.67

238.67

298.67

324.67

3

273.3

289.3

232.7

262.7

234

222

244

126

252

295.3

4

264.67

194

269.33

324.67

258

167.33

262.67

272.67

258.67

184

5

360.3

283.4

283.7

310.4

279.1

235

274.1

339.6

283.6

252.2

6

204

260

272

328

328

228

244

160

276

340

7

285

324.7

285

335.3

283.3

299.3

282.7

270

276.7

299.3

8

264

259

279

300

295

296

299

294

N/A

N/A

AVERAGE

266.643

261.134

262.029

309.538

275.325

235.716

274.455

246.868

277.663

291.467

Standard

Deviation

49.337

44.373

34.068

29.426

33.734

50.310

25.687

70.690

17.857

56.964

P value

P>0.05

P<0.05

P>0.05

P>0.05

P>0.05

During initial observation, Daphnia was placed in microscopic slide and the average heart rate was calculated.


Cited: Zajdel Yung D., Thong T., R. Beck Ellingson V. & Oken B. 2003. Effect Of Nicotine On Heart Rate Varibility. 923.5. White PJ & Nguyen TT. 2002. _Chronic Caffeine Treatment Causes Changes in Cardiac Adenosine Receptor Function in Rats_. 65,3, 129-135. Mehta MC, Jain AC & Billie MD. 2001. _Combined Effects of Cocaine And Nicotine On_ _Cardiovascular Performance In a Canine Model_ Kelly Jared T., Barrett Sean P., Pihl Robert O., & Dagher Akain. 2004. Level of Abstinence Mediates Heart Rate Response to Cue-Elecited Craving in Smokers. 8, 50-57. Turner DM, Sapp DW & Olsen RW. 1991. _The Benzodiazepine/Alcohol Antagonist Ro 15-4513: Binding to a GABAA Receptor Subtype That is Insensitive to Diazepam._ 3, 1236-1242. Mihic SJ & Harris RA. 1996. _Inhibition of rho sub(1) Receptor GABAergic Currents by Alcohols and Volatile Anesthetics._ 277, 1, 411-416. Koskinen P, Virolainen J & Kupari M. 1994. _Acute Alcohol Intake Decreases Short-Term Heart Rate Variability in Healthy Subjects._ 87,2, 225-230. Mumenthaler MS, Yesavage JA, Taylor JL, O 'Hara R, Friedman L, Lee H & Kraemer HC. 2003. _Psychoactive Drugs and Pilot Performance: a Comparison of Nicotine, Donepezil, and Alcohol Efects._ Neuropsychopharmacology. 28,7, 1366-1373. Kono J, Miyata H, Ushijima S, Yanagita T, Miyasato K, Ikawa G & Hukui K. 2001. _Nicotine, Alcohol, Methamphetamine, and Inhalant Dependence: a Comparison of Clinical Features With the Use of a New Clinical Evaluation Form._ 24,2, 99-106. Garrett Bridgette E. & Griffiths Roland R. 2001. _Intravenous Nicotine and Caffeine: Subjective and Physiological Effects in Cocaine Abusers._ 296,2, 486-494. Bennett HJ, White TD, & Semba K. 2003. Activation of Cholinergic and Adrenergic Receptors Increases the Concentration of Extracellular Adenosine in the Cerebral Cortex of Unanesthetized Rat. 117, 1, 119-127. Morvai V, Szakmary E, Ungvary G. 2005. _The effects of carbon disulfide and ethanol on the circulatory system of rats. Toxicology and Environmental Health._ 68, 10, 797-809. Lakatta EG. 2004. _Beyond Bowditch: The Convergence of Cardiac Chronotropy and Inotropy Cell Calcium._ 35, 6, 629-642. Schumacher J, Spano JS, Wilson RC, DeGraves FJ, Duran SH & Ruffin DC. 1994 Caffeine Clearance in the Horse Howard P.H. Boethling R.S. & Jarvis, W.F. 1991. _Handbook of Environmental Degradation Rates_. Lewis Publishers: Chelsea, MI. Mazeaud MM & Mazeaud F. 1973. _Excretion And Catabolism of Catecholamines In Fish. Part I. Excretion rates._ 4, 14, 183-187.
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