effects of drinking establishments

“SOME EFFECTS OF DRINKING ESTABLISMENTS
NEAR ICCT CAINTA CAMPUS
TO THE NIGHT SHIFT
STUDENTS”

In partial fulfilment
RESE01 (Methods of Research)

By:
GROUP 5
Leader: Elicana, Ma. Catrina T.
Members:
Balanes, Janette C.
Brey, Jane T.
Canlas, Jessica D.
Laranto, Rudy
Machete, Juvy L.
Magramo, Von M.
Mercader, Angelica N.
Roxas, Nasel T.
Trinidad, Jhelou D.
Villarasa, Mae A.

Table of Contents
CHAPTER 1
Introduction .................................................................................................................................1
Purpose of the study......................................................................................................................3
Background of the study ..............................................................................................................4
Theoretical framework..................................................................................................................6
Conceptual framework................................................................................................................ .7
Statement of the problem..............................................................................................................8
Hypothesis ....................................................................................................................................9
Scope and limitations....................................................................................................................9
Significance of the study..............................................................................................................10
Definition of terms........................................................................................................................12
CHAPTER 2
Foreign literature............................................................................................................................14
Local literature...............................................................................................................................15
Foreign studies...............................................................................................................................19 Questionnaire..........................................................................................................................23
Chapter 3
Research methodology..............................................................................................................25
Population, sample size, and sampling techniques...................................................................26
Description of the respondents.................................................................................................27
Research instruments................................................................................................................28
Data gathering procedure..........................................................................................................29
Statistical treatment of the data................................................................................................ 32
Presentation of data..................................................................................................................34
Conclusion ..............................................................................................................................43
Bibliography........................................................................................................................... 47
Curriculum vitae......................................................................................................................50

CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
A Drinking Establishments is a business whose primarily function is the serving of alcoholic beverages for consumption on the premises. Some establishments may also serve food, or have entertainment, but their main purpose is to serve alcoholic beverages. There are different types of drinking establishment ranging from seedy bars or nightclubs, sometimes termed "dive bars", to 5,000 seat beer halls. An alcoholic beverage is a drink that typically contains 3%-40% alcohol (ethanol). Alcoholic beverages are divided into three classes: beers, wines, and spirits (distilled beverages). They are legally consumed in most countries around the world. Nowadays, most of the are drinking alcoholic beverages. Even at the young age know howto drink. Alcohol is a part of our day to day lives. Drinking alcohol is a part of the social life of the Filipino. In every occasions or simply get together of friends you can never forget the presence of alcohol that’s why many businessmen used to choose this kind of business.
Many of the students entering from college life know how to drink alcohol. Sometimes it affects the studies of the students because they were drunk, and the others are in the presence of headache or hang-over so that they can’t wake-up and come to school.
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There’s a lot of drinking establishments here in the Philippines. You can see it anywhere. However, it has been observed that some of these drinking establishments were located near school, despite of the laws implemented by the government in Section 1 of R.A 1224 in which prohibits the maintenance and operations of bars, nightclubs and other drinking establishments near the from the schools and other drinking establishments near from the schools and universities. Because of that, it brings a lot of trouble not only for the students but also the capabilities of a students to cope the lesson because of the distraction of the drinking establishments may bring such as the loud sound that caught the attention of the students.
Students are much affected of having a drinking establishment near in school campus more especially those having a night class because of the some reasons like being a working student or just simply want to avoid the heavy traffic and hot temperature in the morning. Drinking establishments leads to become a bad influence to the students who wants to go to school and learned. It became distraction to their studies. This situation is one of the problems that face of our school ICCT COLLEGES Cainta Campus. As well as all know that our school having a four sessions (morning, noon, afternoon, and evening) and some of the students prefer the afternoon and evening class especially to those working students.
This research is prepared to identify the some effects of the drinking establishments near ICCT CAINTA Campus. What are the some Bad and the good effects that may bring of this establishment to the studies of the students?
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It is really helping the studentsor not? In this research we will find for the answer, as well as we will present a valid and real effects of our observation to informed our fellow students.
PURPOSE OF THE STUDY This research aims to make a thorough study and understanding on the effects of having drinking establishments near Cainta Campus to the study of the night shift students of ICCT. We also study how we can prevent the bad effects of drinking establishments and some solution we may do to help the student not suffer in this kind of problem. We conduct observation and experiments and surveys to the people’s attitude to discover something new. We conduct this research in finding out what other does don’t already know, because no one’s knows everything, but everybody knows something. However, to complicate matters, often what you know, is too incorrect. The purpose of this study is to learn something, or to gather evidence . First, to learn something, is for our own benefit. It is almost impossible for human to stop learning, but you continue to learn. What we’ve learned is the source of the background information you use to communicate to others. In any observation we talk about the things we know, the things we’ve learned. If we know nothing about the subject under discussion, we can’t never contribute nor understand it.

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When we write or speak formally, we share what we’ve learned with others, backed with the evidence to show that what you’ve learned is correct. If, however, we haven’t learned more than others already knew, there is nothing for us to share. Thus we do this research.
BACKGOUND OF THE STUDY
The ICCT Colleges Cainta Campus was opened 7 am in the morning until 11 pm in the evening. Many of the students are scheduled in night shift and many of them are in drinking habits. We observed that our school ICCT Colleges Cainta Campus is surrounded of drinking establishments; we see that inside and outside the market, along the road going to the terminals and to the main roads. So if the students don’t have class, professor or they just wanted to drink or to celebrate an occasion. They just go outside the school to the drinking establishments and have drunk.
In some cases, we observed that students arrive at the Schools with drinking problems that have reached the level of addiction that affects the performance and behaviour of students to their studies. Parents are often unaware of the drinking habits their student has developed, and the School has no way of screening for alcohol use during the college admissions process so it can be harmful for other students. Nevertheless, we know we will be working with some freshmen every year who have long-standing patterns of drinking.

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We observed that many of the students are drinkers and they keep enjoying drinking on the drinking establishments near on our school that’s why we choose this topic about the some effects of drinking establishments near ICCT Colleges Cainta Campus to the night shift students. If you can sight every drinking establishment you can notice that many on the customers are students from our school or simply ICCTians. So we can say that students are prone to the alcoholism. Alcoholism had bad effects on the body as well as to the academic performance of the students, that’s why we decided to pick this topic. Our aims were to describe the some effects of alcohol drinking of the night shift students to the drinking establishments near ICCT Cainta Campus, and to vary according to age, gender, ethnicity, socio-economic status and geographic region. Additional aims where to discuss the possible causes of why a student drinking on the drinking establishment’s near the school, and how this thing affects their studies.

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THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK INDEPENDENT DEPENDENT

Figure 1: Theoretical Framework Model

The theoretical model of some effects of drinking establishments near school campus guiding the study was based on an extensive body of evidence and is illustrated in figure 1. Figure 1 model is referring on theoretical framework about our research on the some effects of drinking establishments near ICCT Cainta Campus to the night shift students. This framework states that the independent variable are the causes of why students drinking because on the factors that each item affect the students. On the right side, this is the dependent variables which are alcohol consumption. The consumption of alcohol depends on our independent variables for the reasons that it will not be abuse if the independent factors give the support or attention to this problem.
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CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK INPUT PROCESS OUTPUT

Figure 2: Conceptual framework model
The conceptual framework model of some effects of drinking establishments near school campus guiding the study was based on an extensive body of evidence and is illustrated in figure 2.
Figure 2 model is referring on conceptual framework. It states that in the input it includes the causes of alcohol consumption or why students drinking on the drinking establishments. In the process we can identify now and answer the problems regarding the topic about the some effects of drinking establishments near ICCT Colleges Cainta Campus to the night shift students by asking question, conducting a survey and a interview to a right participants, and now in the output after identifying the causes and effects of the topic we can have now a data, and we will be conducting a community service as well as the module to the benefits of the students, so they can be aware to the effects of drinking to the drinking establishments to their studies.
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STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
These are the following question about the effects of drinking establishments near ICCT Cainta Campus to the Night Shift Students.
1. What is the significant relationship of time to the effects of drinking establishments near ICCT Cainta Campus to the Night Shift Students?
2. What is the significant relationship of Peer Pressure to the effects of drinking establishments near ICCT Cainta Campus to the Night Shift Students?
3. What is the significant relationship of drinkers to the effects of drinking establishments near ICCT Cainta Campus to the Night Shift Students?
4. What is the significant relationship of family to the effects of drinking establishments near ICCT Cainta Campus to the Night Shift Students?
5. What is the significant relationship of religion to the effects of drinking establishments near ICCT Cainta Campus to the Night Shift Students?
6. is the significant relationship of government to the effects of drinking establishments near ICCT Cainta Campus to the Night Shift Students?
7. What is the significant relationship of environment to the effects of drinking establishments near ICCT Cainta Campus to the Night Shift Students?

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HYPOTHESIS
H0- There is no significant relationship between time, peer pressure, drinkers, family situation, religious concern, government concern, environment situation and curiosity to the effects of drinking establishments near ICCT Colleges Cainta Campus to the night shift students.
HI- There is significant relationship between time, peer pressure, drinkers, family situation, religious concern, government concern, environment situation and curiosity to the effects of drinking establishments near ICCT Colleges Cainta Campus to the night shift students.
SCOPE AND LIMITATIONS The American Medical Association (AMA) defines alcoholism as a disease or illness. Cancer Web’s Medical Dictionary defined alcoholism as a disorder characterized by a pathological pattern of alcohol use that causes a serious impairment in social or occupational functioning. A disease is medically defined as an alteration of the state of the body or some of its organs, interrupting or disturbing the performance of vital functions, and causing or threatening pain or weakness. The important thing to note is that alcoholism is not a life time choice. It is the disease, an actual impairment of the body’s health that prevents the person from functioning normally and causes not only pain to the alcoholic but also to family and friends. 9 The researchers will be focus on the ICCT Cainta Campus students in night shift who excessive drinking alcohol near school drinking establishments, the diseases that will get over drinking, the serious effect to the body of a students who excessive drinking alcohol, and the effects of drinking establishments to the studies of the students. The scope of their participants is only on the business administration students to be from us researcher easy to conduct interview. The researcher will conduct interview to the participants upon their vacant time or can done this before their class or after the end of their class. This research describes the methods and findings of a systematic review of research relevant to the some effect of drinking establishments near ICCT Cainta Campus to the night shift students. The review assesses the factors in our research studies and synthesizes the findings to evaluate alcohol drinking of the night shift students. This research focuses on the some effects of drinking establishments near ICCT Cainta Campus to the students like the time management, social behaviour, accidents: unwanted pregnancy and academic performance (grade point average).
SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY The significance of the study will be focus on the students, professor, admissions and to the future researchers.
Students- At teen age of the students, this is the stage of their life that they challenge there selves, test everything to know the saying of the others are correct or not, and to make a test to their limits to find out who they are that why students are more prone to accidents. 10
We think of college as a time when young adults experiment with alcohol, the college years are rarely the first time to students faced decisions about alcohol.
Although alcohol use begins before students arrive of college, pressure to misuse alcohol maybe interfered when a student starts college and its interacting with new peers, is exposed to the new norms about alcohol use, and parents are less present.
The importance of this study to the students, are for them to have knowledge about the effects drinking that can help them to stop their drinking habits. It can be harmful for them to misuse alcohol beverages because it can bring them to addiction that can affect their behavior as well as their performance on school. We know drinking has no good effect on our body and the way we are thinking. That’s why we pick this topic to opened the mind of every students to avoid and to stop alcohol drinking of the students, or them to have more focus and to have more focus and to have a higher grades on their studies that they don’t have when they drunk, and for them to have a successful future.
Professor- they number 1 aim of teaching is for the students have learned each lessons, but how the students learn if they are drunk, they can be more excited to end the class for them to have fun moments with their friends on the drinking establishments than to listen to their professor.Professor of course wanted to have students who actively participating on the class to be the discussion become more exciting and not boring for them to talk and talk on the front of the class, while the students are not listening or the others are on the focus of another thing. Professors may have they wanted students, if the students are participating and mentally fit without the effect of drinking establishment outside the school.
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That’s why we need this study to avoid students from their drinking habits and to make students more functional to their studies, so that they professor would enjoy teaching them and can them to educate students with the right lessons that can mold students to become successful someday.
Admissions- admissions are the reflection of the students. Other says that if the students are good students, the admission of school is also a good influence to the students that came up with that result. So if their students are not on the good state or can we say in the spirit of alcohol the negative comment are on the admissions of the school. That’s why it is important to study this topic for which the admissions may have conduct a solution on this problem to make the old students to be a model to the coming freshmen that may enroll on the school.
Future researchers- it is important for the future researchers to have a reference on their research because its serves as their guidelines on what is the previous effort done by the other researchers and to make a comparison among the results that they got to the results that the others had. It is use to have some knowledge to the topic that they may encounter that can help to make a credible and valid data.
DEFINITION OF TERMS
Academic performance- is the outcome of education — the extent to which a student, teacher or institution has achieved their educational goals. It generally refers to how well a student is accomplishing his or her tasks and studies.
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Addiction-the state of being enslaved to a habit or practice or to something that is psychologically or physically habit-forming.
Alcoholic beverage- is a drink that typically contains 3% – 40% alcohol (ethanol). Alcoholic beverages are divided into three classes: beers, wines, and spirits (distilled beverages).
Alcoholism- an addiction to the consumption of alcoholic liquor or the mental illness and compulsive behavior resulting from alcohol dependency.
Drinkers- a person who drinks alcoholic beverages especially to a notable degree (a heavy drinker).
Drinking establishments- is a business whose primarily function is the serving of alcoholic beverages for consumption on the premises. Some establishments may also serve food, or have entertainment, but their main purpose is to serve alcoholic beverages
Excessive- going beyond what is usual, normal, or proper.
Hang-over- the disagreeable physical aftereffects of drunkenness, such as a headache or stomach disorder, usually felt several hours after cessation of drinking.
Headache- a pain located in the head, as over the eyes, at the temples, or at the base of the skull.
Impairment- the state of being diminished, weakened, or damaged, especially mentally or physically.
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CHAPTER II
REVIEW OR RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES
FOREIGN LITERATURE
Problem drinking during the college years is a significant public health concern. The goal of the current review was to examine the primary psychosocial factors that predict problem drinking in college students. Variables examined included demographic variables, personality, drinking history, alcohol expectancies, drinking motives, stress and coping, activity involvement, and peer and family influence. Evidence from studies of college drinking indicated that the variables associated with college drinking seem to vary at levels dealing with one’s personality and coping mechanisms, one’s thought processes about drinking, and the environment. It seems that expectancies and drinkingmotives may serve as explanations for the pathways from certain personality types (i.e., sensation seeking and neurotic) to problem drinking in the college setting. Factors that predicted future drinking problems after college were also examined. Overall, it seems that interventions and prevention programs would need to reach college students at all three levels—the environment, individual personality traits, and cognitive processes. Future research should address the limitations in the previous research as well as test comprehensive models of college drinking. D 2003 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

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Keywords: College students; Alcohol; Problem drinking; Risk behaviour
Lindsay S. Ham, Debra A. Hope*
Department of Psychology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68588-0308, USA
Received 23 October 2002; received in revised form 14 May 2003; accepted 10 June 2003
LOCAL LITRATURE
The University is committed to fostering an environment that promotes the acquisition of knowledge and nurtures the growth of the individual. Aims of the Policy The policy seeks to: Encourage social responsibility and appropriate behavior in the consumption of alcohol. Ensure that the consumption of alcohol in University premises consider the ff:
That the laws of the Philippines governing the sale/consumption of alcohol will at all times be observed. That the consumption of alcohol by people on University premises will, in all circumstances, recognize the rights of others and will not be promoted or fostered as an end in itself. That the provision of alcohol on University premises will be subject to the availability of appropriate and suitable facilities.

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Guidelines on Alcohol Consumption in University Premises: 1.The sale of alcohol in any facility owned or managed by the University is prohibited. 2. Except for instances noted below, no alcohol may be served, displayed, or consumed in any University open space or in any University building. 3. Alcohol may be served/sold only at by-invitation-only functions. It is the responsibility of the host or administrative unit hosting the event to comply fully with the University's Guidelines on alcohol. 4. Except for University holidays, no alcohol may be served at any campus location on Weekday until after 5:00 p.m. Only the Vice President for Administration and Planning or his designate may authorize an exception to this provision. 5. It is a violation of Philippine law to serve alcohol to anyone less than 18 years of age. University administrative units planning functions that are likely to be attended by students under 18 are strongly discouraged from serving any alcohol to anyone at such function. If the unit plans to serve alcohol at a function that will be attended by guests under the age of 18, the unit must submit, as part of the approval process, an explanation of the method by which it will determine which guests are over 18 and how it will assure that guests under 18 are not served 6. The following guidelines must be strictly followed by the organizers of functions where alcohol will be served: Access to the event must be limited to invitees and controlled throughout the event. The event may not be open to the public. For outdoor events, special steps must be taken (for example, tents with sides or other significant barriers) to control access and delineate the area for the event.
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A sufficient amount of alternative, nonalcoholic beverages must be available. A sufficient amount of substantial, wholesome food (hors d’oevres, finger foods or dinner) must be served. The official responsible for the function must designate a specific person who will be solely responsible for dispensing alcohol. He/she has the authority to refuse to serve alcohol to any persons who in his/her opinion are incapable of conducting themselves in an orderly and proper manner. No self-service of alcohol is permitted.
The official responsible for the function must designate ushers, doorkeepers, and marshals who will control those entering or leaving the function, ensure that alcohol is not introduced into the venue unofficially and ensure that order during the function is maintained.
No alcohol or non-alcoholic refreshments other than those provided directly bythe organizers of the function may be introduced into the venue for a function. No person shall possess/hold an open container of alcoholic beverages in University common areas such as grounds, hallways, auditorium, classrooms offices, cafeterias, lounges, etc., unless such areas have been expressly designatedas a site of a function where the serving of alcoholic beverages has been officiallyapproved in accordance with Ateneo guidelines and procedures. A function with alcoholic beverages that is not followed by a full meal may last no longer than two hours. Responsibility for compliance with the University guidelines for serving alcoholic beverages lies with the organizers of the function.
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8. Organizers who intend to serve alcoholic drinks during their function must obtain prior approval from PPLH and VPAP. In the case of a function organized by a group (faculty, professionals, staff or students) which belongs to a school unit, their request for approval must be endorsed by the School Unit Head.
9. The organizers of a function must make satisfactory arrangements for the cleaning of the venue and for the disposal of waste after the function.
10. Nothing in this document limits the right of the University to discipline/ prosecute individuals or sponsoring organizations for misconduct or violations of these guidelines, any other institutional policy or government/city ordinances. Students found to be in violation shall be disciplined in accordance with school policy.
11. The above guidelines apply to all ADMU events including those sponsored by ADMU student organizations. However, student organized events must likewise comply with the requirements set by their respective school unit heads/deans.
12. Guidelines on the use of alcohol on University premises will be reviewed annually as directed by the VP for Administration and Planning.
Disciplinary Action
Employees who disregard the policy may be subject to disciplinary action in accordance with University procedure.
Students who disregard this policy will be disciplined according to school policy.

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FOREIGN STUDIES
Abusive and underage college drinking are significant public health problems, and they exact an enormous toll on the intellectual and social lives of students on campuses across the United States
Drinking at college has become a ritual that students often see as an integral part of their higher education. Many students come to college with established drinking habits, and the college environment can exacerbate the problem. Research shows that more than 80 percent of college students drink alcohol, and almost half report binge drinking in the past 2 weeks.
Virtually all college students experience the effects of college drinking—whether they drink or not.
Consequences of Abusive College Drinking
Drinking affects college students, their families, and college communities at large. Consequences include:
Death. Each year an estimated 1,825 college students between the ages of 18 and 24 die from alcohol related unintentional injuries, including motor vehicle crashes.
Injury. Each year estimated 599,000 students betweenthe ages of 18 and 24 are unintentionally injured under the influence of alcohol.
Assault. Each year an estimated 696,000 students between the ages of 18 and 24 are assaulted by another student who has been drinking.
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Sexual Abuse.Each year an estimated 97,000 students between the ages of 18 and 24 are victimsofalcohol­related sexual assault or date rape.
Unsafe Sex. Each year an estimated 400,000 students between the ages of 18 and 24 have unprotected sex, and more than 100,000 students between the ages of 18 and 24 report having been too intoxicated to know if they consented to having sex.
Factors Affecting Student Drinking
Although the majority of students come to college already having some experience with alcohol, certain aspects of college life, such as unstructured time, the widespread availability of alcohol, inconsistent enforcement of underage drinking, and limited interactions with parents and other adults, can intensify the problem. In fact, college students have higher binge drinking rates and a higher incidence of drunk driving than their no college peers.

Addressing College Drinking
Ongoing research continues to improve our understanding of how to address this persistent and costly problem. Successful efforts typically involve a mix of prevention, intervention, and treatment strategies that target individual students, the student body as a whole, and the broader college community.

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Strategies Targeting Individual Students
Strategies that target individual students, including those at risk for alcohol problems, are effective, particularly alcohol screening and brief intervention programs conducted in campus health centers. These programs evaluate students’alcohol use and provide feedback about:
The risks of drinking
How these risks interfere with meeting their goals
How to monitor and reduce drinking
How to handle high­risk situations
Social­norms approaches, which focus on correcting student misperceptions about how much their peers drink, have been widely implemented. However, new research shows that these approaches may work best in individual and online applications, in which students receive personalized feedback, but they are much less effective as part of campus­ wide campaigns. Accumulating research shows that campus– community partnerships can be effective. With the involvement of campus administrators, local law enforcement, merchants, residents, and local leaders, these partnerships address college drinking through the application and consistent enforcement of community policies.
Strong leadership from a concerned college president in combination with an involved campus community and a comprehensive program of evidence based strategies can help address harmful student drinking.

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FOOTNOTE
1. Hingson, R.W.; Zha, W.; and Weitzman, E.R. Magnitude of and trends in alcohol­related mortality and morbidity among U.S. college students ages 18–24,1998–2005. Journal of Studies on Alcohol and Drugs Supplement 16:12–20, 2009.
2. Hingson, R.W.; Heeren, T.; Zakocs, R.C.; et al. Magnitude of alcohol­related mortality and morbidity among U.S. college students ages 18–24. Journal ofStudies on Alcohol 63(2):136–144, 2002.
3. Engs, R.C.; Diebold, B.A.; and Hansen, D.J. The drinking patterns and problems of a national sample of college students, 1994. Journal of Alcohol and DrugEducation 41(3):13–33, 1996.
4. Presley, C.A.; Meilman, P.W.; and Cashin, J.R. Alcohol and Drugs on American College Campuses: Use, Consequences, and Perceptions of the CampusEnvironment, Vol. IV: 1992–1994. Carbondale, IL: Core Institute, Southern Illinois University, 1996.
5. Presley, C.A.; Meilman, P.W.; Cashin, J.R.; and Lyerla, R. Alcohol and Drugs on American College Campuses: Use, Consequences, and Perceptions of theCampus Environment, Vol. III: 1991–1993. Carbondale, IL: Core Institute, Southern Illinois University, 1996.
6. Wechsler, H.; Lee, J.E.; Kuo, M.; et al. Trends in college binge drinking during a period of increased prevention efforts: Findings from four Harvard School ofPublic Health study surveys, 1993–2001. Journal of American College Health 50(5):203–217, 2002.
7. National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions, 2002 (special data run).
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QUESTIONNAIRE
NAME: AGE:
YR./SEC.: GENDER:
DIRECTION: Check the( __ ) for appropriate answers to the questions below.
1. Have you ever drinker alcohol? __YES __NO
2. If YES, how often do you drink (a week)? __Once __Everyday__Every other day Others: (pls.specify)____________________.
3. When was the first time? __during high school __during college __lately others: (pls.specify)____________________.
4. What influenced you to drink alcohol? __Social pressure __Family problem __Curiosity
5. Do your parents know about your drinking? __YES __NO
6. How do you feel about drinking alcohol? __unpleasant __good __nothing
7. Has drinking alcohol caused problems in your studies? __YES __NO
If YES, check some of the details below:
__missed classes because of hang over __late in class __cut class because of drinking
__low grades __missed deadlines in submitting school requirements
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8. Number of missed class because of drinking? __ Missing __ Never/none __ 1-3 times __ 4-6 time __ 7+ times
9. Number of cut class because of drinking? __ Missing __ Never/none __ 1-3 times __ 4-6 time __ 7+ times
10. Have you gotten onto trouble when drinking? __YES __NO
If YES, have you damaged property? __YES __NO
11. Do you attend class while you drunk? __YES __NO
12. Did you have a low grades because of drinking? __YES __NO
13. Does drinking alcohol cause you problem with your school administration? __YES __NO
14. Have you ever been into vehicular accident because you were drunk? __YES __NO
15. After the consequences you got in drinking alcohol, would you still continue drinking?
__ Yes, but I will limit it.
__No, not anymore.
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CHAPTER III
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

In this chapter the research methodology used in the study is described. The geographical where the study was conducted, the study design and the population and sample are described. The instrument used to collect the data, including methods implemented to maintain validity and reliability of the instrument are described.
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY A quantitative approach was followed. Burns and Grove (1993:777) define quantitative research as a formal, objective, systematic process to describe and test relationships and to examine cause and effect of interactions in variables. Surveys may be used for descriptive, explanatory and exploratory research. A descriptive research methodology was used for this study. A survey is used to collect original data for describing a population that too large to observe directly. The term ‘survey’ is commonly applied to a research methodology designed to collect data from a specific population, or a sample from thatpopulation, and typically utilizes a questionnaire or an interview as the survey instrument. A survey obtains information from a sample of people by means of self-report, that is, the people respond to a series of questions posed by the researcher. In this study the information was collected through self-administered questionnaires that is distribute personally to the subjects by the researcher.
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Sample surveys are an important tool for collecting and analyzing information from selected individuals. They are widely accepted as a key tool for conducting and applying basic social science research methodology.
A descriptive survey was selected because it provides an accurate portrayal or account of the characteristics, for example behavior, opinions, abilities, beliefs, and knowledge of a particular individual, situation or group. This design was chosen to meet the objectives of the study, namely to determine the knowledge and views of the students with regard to the some effects of drinking establishments to their studies.
POPULATION, SAMPLE, AND SAMPLING TECHNIQUES A population is defined as all elements (individuals, objects and events) that meet the sample criteria for inclusion in a study. The study population consists of 220 regular business administration students in 3rd year level. A convenient sample of 142 subjects was selected of the researchers to be there participants to the study. A sample as elements selected with the intention of finding out something about the total population from which they are taken. A convenient sample consists of subjects included in the study because they happen to be in the right place at the right time. Available subjects were entered into the study until a sample size of 142 was reached.
The methodology for this study was a stratified random sample of business administration students. Random sampling is the best single way to obtain a representative sample. Stratified random sampling is an appropriate methodology in order to make proportionate, and therefore meaningful, comparisons between sub- groups in the population.
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Sampling theory supports stratified random sampling as an efficient choice because the means of the stratified samples arelikely to be closer to the mean of the population overall. Stratified random sample will typically reflect the characteristics of the population as a whole. In this sampling technique, the group got random samples in a population which was composed business administration 3rd year level students. From each of these students, the sample size was drawn to each member, 13 students will be interviewed by the 10 member and the other one member will interview 12 respondents to have a sample size of 142 students.

Table 1: Definition of study population
Definition
Description
Element
Regular business administration students
Sampling unit
In ICCT Colleges Cainta Campus
Extent
N/A
Time
After, before the class or within the vacant time

DESCRIPTION OF THE RESPONDENTS
The targeted respondents of our group are the male, female, married or single business administration students on the 3rd year level of the ICCT Colleges Cainta Campus who have adrinking habits or not but spend large amounts of time in bars with their friends to have fun.
The study will have respondents directly from the chosen business administration students ICCT Cainta Campus. This may include male, female, married or single. All of these participants were selected through random sampling. This sampling method is conducted where each member of a population has an equal opportunity to become part of the sample. As all members of the population have an equal chance of becoming a research participant, this is said to be the most efficient sampling procedure.
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RESEARCH INSTRUMENTS A questionnaire was chosen as data collection instrument. A questionnaire is a printed self-report form designed to elicit information that can be obtained through the written responses of the subjects. The information obtained through a questionnaire is similar to that obtained by an interview, but the questions tend to have less depth.
Data was collected with the aid of questionnaires to evaluate the students with the drinking habits knowledge and views on the effects of drinking establishment to their studies. Questionnaires were decided upon because of the following: They ensured a high response rate as the questionnaires were distributed to respondents to complete and were collected personally by the researcher.
They required less time and energy to administer.
There was less opportunity for bias as they were presented in a consistent manner.
Most of the items in the questionnaires were closed, which made it easier to compare the responses to each item.
Apart from the advantages that have been listed above, questionnaires have their weaknesses; for example, there is the question of validity and accuracy. The subjects might not reflect their true opinions but might answer what they think will please the researcher, and valuable information may be lost as answers are usually brief. The questionnaires consisted mostly of closed-ended questions and a few open-ended questions, as these provide more diverse detail. In the open-ended questions, the subjects were required to respond in writing, whereas closed-ended questions had options which were determined by the researcher. 28 Open-ended questions were included because they allow subjects to respond to questions in their own words and provide more detail. Closed-ended questions were included because they are easier to administer and to analyze. They are also more efficient in the sense that a respondent is able to complete more closed-ended items than open-ended items in a given period of time. The questionnaires are written in English to easily understand it and to complete them answer. Instruction guidelines were attached to the questionnaires to guide the subjects as to whether to circle or tick the chosen response.

DATA GATHERING PROCEDURE Questionnaires were personally distributed by the researcher to business administration students to complete. The data was collected over a period of one month. The researcher found some of the students outside the schools. Some of the students were found in the hallway or on the gym site area where there are chairs that is available to sit for.
The data for this research were collected using a survey questionnaire. The survey was created using suitable questions modified from related research and individual questions formed by the researcher. The survey was comprised of 13 questions, which were related to the participant’s perception regarding to the effects of drinking establishments to their studies. The researchers assured confidentiality of their survey sheets since the identities are not important. The researchers also understood that people’s consciousness may also affect their honesty and effectiveness in answering the survey, and so, the researchers gave people the option of being anonymous. 29 Participants were given time to respond and then the researchers collected the surveys the on that day after answering the questionnaire. There were no incentives offered for participating in the research. Next, the researchers planned the questions that they would be asking to the interview. The researchers interviewed certain number of male and female students in the population.

In order to conduct this sampling strategy, the researcher defined the population first, listed down all the members of the population, and then selected members to make the sample. For this purpose, a self-administered survey questionnaire in Likert format was given to the respondents to answer.
Herein, there were 142 participants for the questionnaire survey. The respondents were given a minute of time to complete the survey questionnaire upon request. After collecting the questionnaires, the responses will be tallied, computed, analysed, and recorded.
Reliability
Reliability is the degree of consistency with which an instrument measures the attribute it is designed to measure. The questionnaires which were answered by participants, revealed consistency in responses. Reliability can also be ensured by minimising sources of measurement error like data collector bias. Data collector biaswas minimised by the researcher’s being the only one to administer the questionnaires, and standardising conditions such as exhibiting similar personal attributes to all respondents, e.g., friendliness and support.

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The physical and psychological environment where data was collected was made on our school premises to not disturbed them on a large time.The subjects were offered comfortable chairs in the side ward. Windows were opened for fresh air. Theresearcher remained in the ward with the subjects. Subjects were requested not to write their names on thequestionnaires to ensure confidentiality.

Validity The validity of an instrument is the degree to which an instrument measures what it is intended to measure. Content validity refers to the extent to which an instrument represents the factors under study. To achieve content validity, questionnaires included a variety of questions on the knowledge of students about the effects of drinkinmg establishments or drinking habits to their studies.

Questions were based on information gathered during the literature review to ensure that they were representative of what students should know about effects of drinkinmg establishments or drinking habits to their studies. Content validity was further ensured by consistency in administering the questionnaires. All questionnaires were distributed to subjects by the researcher personally. The questions were formulated in simple language for clarity and ease of understanding. Clear instructions were given to the subjects and the researcher completed the questionnaires for those subjects who could not read.

31 All the subjects completed the questionnaires in the presence of the researcher. This was done to prevent subjects from giving questionnaires to other people to complete on their behalf. For validation, the questionnaires were submitted to a researcher. As a result more questions were added to ensure higher representativeness. Rephrasing of some questions was done to clarify the questions and more appropriate alternative response choices were added to the closed-ended questions to provide for meaningful data analysis. External validity was ensured.refer to external validity as the extent to which study findings can be generalised beyond the sample used. All the persons approached to participate in the study completed the questionnaires. No single person who was approached refused to participate.
Generalising the findings to all members of the population is therefore justified.Seeking subjects who are willing to participate in a studyis easy, particularly that the participants are found on the school where they are fellow students. The number of persons who were approached and refused to participate in the study should be reported so that threats to external validity can be judged. As the percentage of those who decline to participate increases, external validity decreases.
STATISTICAL TREATMENT OF THE DATA
In getting the sample size, the group used the Sloven’s formula which is, n= N/(1+Ne2, N stands for the whole population of the 3rd year business administration students , while e, stands for the margin of error, the researchers used 0.05 as the margin of error. The data collected were tabulated and analyzed. Analyses of data were guided by mean and percentage.
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Sloven’s formula n= N 1+ Ne2 where: N = total population e = margin of error
Given:
N = 200 3rd year business administration students e = 0.05

Solution: n = N 1+ Ne2 n = 220 1+ 220(0.05)2 n = 142 students

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