A study that found evidence to help support Atkinson and Shiffrin’s model of memory was H.M. H.M had a perfectly intact short term and long term memory before an accident he had, but after the accident he could no longer make any new long term memories. This would give evidence because to make new long term memories the information has to pass through the short term memory and rehearsal loop first, but in his case they were not working correctly. Murdock (1962) also gives evidence for the two separate stores. He gave participants a list of 20 words one at a time, they remembered the words at the start of the list which is known as the primacy effect and the words at the end which is known as the recency effect better than those in the middle. This supports the model because the words at the start would have been rehearsed and entered the…
1. Most current studies aimed at understanding human memory are conducted within a framework known as information-processing theory. This approach makes use of modern computer science and related fields to provide models that help psychologists understand the processes involved in memory. The general principles of the information processing approach to memory include the notion that memory involves three distinct processes. The first process, encoding, is the process of transforming information into a form that can be stored in memory. The second process, storage, is the process of keeping or maintaining information in memory. The final process, retrieval, is the process of bringing to mind information…
Memories are known as the mental faculty of retaining and recalling past experiences. In her article, Memories of Thing s Unseen, Elizabeth Loftus proves that memory can be very faulty at times and not only can memories be changed, but false memories can be planted into the mind. In addition, she also explains the characteristics and consequences of false memories and discusses the role of imagination inflation.…
Elizabeth wanted to figure out what it was that could be done to distort a person’s memory. She used the experimental method to help answer her question of the malleability of memories. Loftus showed participants of the study simulated crimes and accidents and then asked them questions about what they remember from the scene. In the first study, she showed people a simulated accident and then asked some people how…
In this tedTalk with Joshua Foer, he was going over the importance of memory and how it makes you who you are. He was telling us about the memory experts and how much they can memorize in a short amount of time, comparing it to Ep who has possible the worst memory. I like how he started the speech because it just sounded silly and made no sense. The way he ended it actually helped me a lot, the way he brought it together to put crazy images in your mind that you will remember, to remember things is going to be very helpful for me. Associate things with each other, make it almost extreme so you really won't forget.…
Good afternoon everyone! I hope you all did well on the midterm exam we had last week. This course has been a very interesting challenge to tackle so far, and the assigned readings for Week Five were no exception. We learned through the assigned chapters and article on Professor Elizabeth Loftus that memory, an aspect of every individual which many believe as infallible, is actually fallible. In fact, the memory of a human being can be manipulated or limited, either intentionally or unintentionally, through various ways. This can cause problems as small as a family disagreement, remembering you were somewhere you never were, or even a failure to accurately recall a special event; however, it can also affect the reputation and sometimes…
The aim of this experiment was for Christian Najjar, Talley Moorman, John Gressette, and Thomas McCutchen to replicate Elizabeth Loftus’ study on reconstructive memory (Experiment number 3) (Hock 120). In the original study conducted by Loftus, participants were shown a video of a white sports car driving down a road. After the video, the participants were divided into two groups and then asked a series of follow up questions. One group was given a questionnaire that contained a presupposing question such as, “How fast was the white sports car driving when it passed the red barn?” The other group was given a questionnaire with control questions such as, “How fast was the car going while traveling along the country road (Hock 120). A week later,…
When looking at the field of psychology, we will learn about males who have contributed to the growth of psychology. Some examples of men we study in beginners psychology are E.G Boring, Robert I. Watson and of course Sigmund Freud. There is little mention of females who have contributed to psychology. Why is it that females are not really mentioned in the history of psychology? Females have contributed to the growth of psychology just as men have. A woman that has spent her whole life trying to understand memory is Elizabeth Loftus. We will begin with a short biography and also touch on how she has helped psychology to grow.…
There are several memory models that we can safely say that we use as a day to day basis. There is Long-term memory as well as short term memory and processes that are called sensory processes. These types of memory have each their own processes or particular modes of operation. These memory processes have three necessary steps to forming a lasting memory.…
Reyna, V. F. & Lloyd F. (1997). Theories of false memory in children and adults.…
It occurs when a person’s recall of episodic memories becomes less accurate because of post-event information. Research in this area began by Elizabeth Loftus in 1974. It was about the “ False Memories”. When the first collection of misinformation experiments appeared in the mid-1970s, the lesson that was being learned from these experiments was that misleading postevent information can impair memory of an original event ( Loftus, 1975 , 1977 , 1979 ). Memory Impairment Hypothesis- a genuine change or alteration in memory of an experienced event as a function of some later event. McClosky and Zaragoza ( 1985 a, 1985 b) disputed the memory impairment hypothesis. McCloskey and Zaragoza (1985), claimed that memory for an original event is not impaired by misleading postevent information. McCloskey and Zaragoza devised a test that excluded the misinformation as a possible response alternative, and they found no misinformation effect. McCloskey and Zaragoza argued that it was not necessary to assume any memory impairment at all–neither impairment of traces nor impairment of access. According to Johnson and Lindsay (1986) Source Misattribution Hypothesis i.e., source misattribution theory states that an inability to distinguish whether the original event or some later event was the true source of the…
Dewan, M.J. & Steenbarger, B.N. & Greenberg, R.P. (2004) The art and science of brief…
Kirby, G.R., & Goodpaster, J.R. (2007). Thinking (4th ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson/Prentice hall.…
The purpose of this article is to examine the causes of false memory and memory distortion. Memory is influenced, in combination, by encoding, consolidation, and retrieval. This article expands upon each factor, in turn, and how it specifically affects memory.…
Knowing how I process information helps me get structured. The question is when reading something do I instantly place it to memory? Or, do I like to remember information by observing the behavior? The first step when interviewing the interviewee was to start with identifying what type of information processor he is: insightful, observational, or experiential. His response turned out to be both insightful and experiential styles of learning, and he shared interesting ways to memorize things. “I learn and remember information by associating it to something I am already aware of; when I need to recall it, I need activation to initiate the recall”, he said. In other words, the learner is “transported” back to a moment when the new information was introduced to him. That is how the interviewee remembers names and phone numbers of people he knew about 5 years ago. There are more types of learning for the information to be optimally remembered, a typical one is the observational learning. Compared to experiential and insight learning this type applies the social learning theory which occurs when an observer changes his/her behavior in…