Engaging Into a Boy-Girl Relationship at a Young Age: for Better or for Worse?
Chapter 1
Introduction
According to Bushong (2009), radiation is an energy that moves through space or matter at a very high speed. This energy can be in the form of particles, such as alpha or beta particles, which are emitted from radioactive materials, or waves such as light, heat, radiowaves, microwaves, x-rays and gamma rays. He also mentioned that radioactive materials which is also known as radionuclides or radioisotopes are atoms that are unstable. So, there is a tendency for unstable atoms to change into a stable form, but when they change form, they release radiation.
Radiation that can produce ions when it interacts with matter is called ionizing radiation (Mettler & Upton, 1995). They said that ions are the charged particles that are produced when electrons are removed from their positions in the atoms.
According to them, alpha particles, beta particles, x-rays and gamma rays are forms of ionizing radiation. On the other hand, radiation that is not capable of producing ions in matter is known as nonionizing radiation. (Mettler & Upton, 1995)
Radiation and radioactive materials are part of our environment. Bushong (2009) implied that radiation in the environment comes from both cosmicradiation that originates in outer space, and from radioactive materials that occur naturally in the earth and in our own bodies.
Hendee (1979) said that, today, radiation is a common and valuable tool in medicine, research and industry. It is used in medicine to diagnose illnesses, and in high doses, to treat diseases such as cancer. Also, high doses of radiation are used to kill harmful bacteria in food and to extend the shelf life of fresh produce. Based from him, radiation produces heat that is used to generate electricity in nuclear power reactors. Radioactive materials are used in a number of consumer products, such as smoke detectors and exit signs, and for many other research and industrial purposes. (Hendee, 1979)
There are great deals about radiation as a
Introduction
According to Bushong (2009), radiation is an energy that moves through space or matter at a very high speed. This energy can be in the form of particles, such as alpha or beta particles, which are emitted from radioactive materials, or waves such as light, heat, radiowaves, microwaves, x-rays and gamma rays. He also mentioned that radioactive materials which is also known as radionuclides or radioisotopes are atoms that are unstable. So, there is a tendency for unstable atoms to change into a stable form, but when they change form, they release radiation.
Radiation that can produce ions when it interacts with matter is called ionizing radiation (Mettler & Upton, 1995). They said that ions are the charged particles that are produced when electrons are removed from their positions in the atoms.
According to them, alpha particles, beta particles, x-rays and gamma rays are forms of ionizing radiation. On the other hand, radiation that is not capable of producing ions in matter is known as nonionizing radiation. (Mettler & Upton, 1995)
Radiation and radioactive materials are part of our environment. Bushong (2009) implied that radiation in the environment comes from both cosmicradiation that originates in outer space, and from radioactive materials that occur naturally in the earth and in our own bodies.
Hendee (1979) said that, today, radiation is a common and valuable tool in medicine, research and industry. It is used in medicine to diagnose illnesses, and in high doses, to treat diseases such as cancer. Also, high doses of radiation are used to kill harmful bacteria in food and to extend the shelf life of fresh produce. Based from him, radiation produces heat that is used to generate electricity in nuclear power reactors. Radioactive materials are used in a number of consumer products, such as smoke detectors and exit signs, and for many other research and industrial purposes. (Hendee, 1979)
There are great deals about radiation as a
References: Bushong, S.C. (2009). Radiologic science for technologists: Physics, biology, and protection (9th ed.). Philippines. Elsevier Pte. Ltd. Bushong, S.C. (1993). Radiologic science for technologists: Physics, biology, and protection (5th ed.). United States of America. Mosby – Year Book, Inc. Gurley, L.V.T. & Callaway, W.J. (2011). Introduction to radiologic technology (7th ed.). United States of America. Mosby, Inc. Hendee, W.R. (1979). Medical radiation physics: Roentgenology, nuclear medicine and ultrasound. United States of America. Book Medical Publishers, Inc. Anderson, W.A.D. & Kissare, J.M. (1977). Pathology (7th ed.). United States of America. The C.V. Mosby Company. Poth, C.M. & Kunert, M.P. (2002). Pathophysiology: Concepts of attered health states (6th ed.). United States of America. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. Beeker, D., Brown-Wagner, S.J., Crocetti, J., Dickey, S.B., Englert, D.C., Folcik, M.A., et. al. (1998). Pathophysiology made incredibly easy. Springhouse Pennysylvania. Springhouse Corporation. Down, S.B. (1994). Practical radiation protection and applied radiobiology. United States of America. W.B. Saunders Company. Hendee, W.R. (1985). The selection and performance of radiologic equipment. United States of America. Williams & Wilkins. Noz, M.E. & Maguire Jr., G.Q. (1985). Radiation protection in the radiologic and health sciences. United States of America. Lea & Febiger. Thyyalan, K. (2010). Textbook of radiological safety. Sanat Printers, Kundi. Jaypee Brothers Medical Pulishers (P) Ltd. Mettler, Jr., F.A. (2005). Essentials of radiology. United States of America. Elsevier, Inc. Hendee, W.R. & Edwards, F.M.(1996). Health effects of exposure to low-Level ionizing radiation. United States of America. Book Medical Publishers, Inc. Mettler, F.A. & Upton, A.C. (1995). Medical effects of ionizing radiation (2nd ed.). United States of America. The C.V. Mosby Company. Beir, V. (1990). National academy of sciences, committee on the biological effects of ionizing radiations. Washington, DC. National Academy Press.