An eyewitness observer of and participant in the Fourth Crusade, Villehardouin described his experiences in his Conquête de Constantinople (The Conquest of Constantinople). The work is believed to have been written in the early years of the thirteenth century, probably around 1207–12. Critical commentary on Villehardouin and his work centers on the author's style, often praised for being simple and direct, and on the debate regarding Villehardouin's motivation and honesty. Some critics believe that portions of Conquête attempt to conceal the truth about the diversion of the Fourth Crusade from Egypt to Constantinople. The work is frequently cited as the first French prose text of notable literary merit and as the first reliable account of the…
Introduction English language came in India in the seventieth century. It came with the British and initially it was used only by the British people associated with the East India Company. Simultaneously, some English missionaries used it for the religious and educational purposes. As the British spread their control over the country, English came to be used as an official language and language of education, judiciary, etc. After Independence, English continued as an official language. Despite opposition and controversies, it still continues the status of the co-official language along with Hindi. After the reorganization of Indian states along linguistic lines, the regional languages gained more significance. Nevertheless, the spread and use of English has been growing at a phenomenal speed all over India. English is being used in India as a Second language. In addition to its widespread use in administration, judiciary, trade, commerce, and being used in education almost at all the lands. With the rise in the number of English medium schools and the expansion of IT and ICT, English has become all pervasive and a powerful language normally associated with success and happiness. Though due to its pervasiveness and wide use of English has risen to the status of Second language in India, the Indian users of English are still considered non-native users of English. As non-native users of English, we face typical problems like mother tongue interference and lack of knowledge of the native usage. The English used by the 11% Indians today is thus a non-native variety of English with its characteristics and particularities. Why to learn English Language The following points show how English language has become essential and pivotal in India. 1) One third…
Following the extensive influence by the British Empire in the 18th century, the English language has been widely propagated throughout many nations. Eventually, it became one of the international languages of the world and is used by most nations to communicate and understand each other. Our command of English as Malaysians has seen a vast improvement throughout the years. We Malaysians are quite extraordinary. From speaking in broken English, we have learnt the proper usage of English. Later on, we even created a whole new language- Malaysian English or more commonly known as Manglish. English arrived in Malaysia back when the British colonised this country. All the local authorities at that time, including the rulers and ministers had to learn the language, in order to gain a foothold in the administration of the country. Independence fighters, such as Tunku Abdul Rahman, Tun H. S. Lee and Tun Abdul Razak Hussein used their knowledge of English to negotiate with the British in order to gain Malaysia’s long-awaited independence. Their efforts and dedication paid off when the British agreed to let go of their hold on our country. Without the fighters’ strong grasp of English, our country will not be able to be free from colonisation, and we as the citizens will not be able to stand proud on our own land.…
The British introduced English to Malaysia more than two centuries ago. It became the most important language for generations and it is often associated with power and prestige. However, in post-British era, when Malaysia became independent in 1957, English was made the second language in conjunction with the promotion of Bahasa Malaysia as the national language. Then, in the 1990s, spurred by the government desire to push the nation into globalization, the importance of English increased.…
and is one of the most popular and most spoken in the technology world. We need to…
References: Nor Hashimah Jalaluddin, Norsimah Mat Awal, Kesumawati Abu Bakar (2008). The mastery of English language among lower secondary school students in Malaysia: a linguistic analysis. European Journal of Social Sciences, Vol 7, 1‐14.…
Before I sat down to listen to the debate, “Global Warming is Not a Crisis”, I was already interested in the idea of global warming. While many people have a hard time worrying about what might happen 100 years from now, I don’t. I considered what I already knew about global warming. I was somewhat familiar with the topics of: reducing greenhouse gases, moving the world away from fossil fuels, providing more breathable air, enhancing the quality of life, and healthy ecosystems. What I didn’t know was how easily passionate debaters could change the minds of their audience. Before the debate began, 30% of the audience was for the motion that global warming is not a crisis, after the debate that rose to 46%. While those against the motion, went from 57% before the debate, down to 42% after the debate. So, those in favor of the motion won the debate. In this paper, I will attempt to analyze the debate.…
Darus, S. (2009). The current situation and issues of the teaching of English in Malaysia.…
International English is the concept of the English language as a global means of communication in numerous dialects, and also the movement towards an international standard for the language. It is also referred to as Global English,[1] World English, Common English, Continental English, or General English. Sometimes, these terms refer simply to the array of varieties of English spoken throughout the world.…
Language is one of the most important things in communication and it is used as a tool of communication among nations in all over the world. As an international language, English is very important and has many interrelationship with various aspects of life owned by human being. Studying English is not easy for many Indonesian students since it is a foreign language. Foreign language is the language that is being learned not spoken in the local community. Although English is a foreign language, it is very important to be mastered, because is one of important subjects. It is one of the requirements for Indonesin students for graduating from junior and senior high school.…
Generally, English educated Malaysians of all ethnic and family language background speak and move alike. However, with the implementation of the national language policy of Bahasa Malaysia as the national language of Malaysia and as the language of instruction, (except in the cases of Chinese or Tamil medium primary schools), the status of English Language in Malaysia is different from the earlier years.…
English is a language that acts as agent in binding people all over the world. In our present condition where we face unprecedented opportunities brought about by challenges of the new millennium, Filipinos found it essential to learn English as a key tool to compete internationally in the field of employment and service.…
Since the world’s origin, language has evolved to meet specific social and cultural needs. Human beings have developed manifold languages to be able to communicate and identify as a community. Louis Calvet states that language emerged therefore polygenetically, and that humankind is multilingual (23). At present, however, English is considered to be a global language, a lingua franca and a window onto the world, leaving aside other languages of major importance in the past and present. The idea of modernization with the objective of creating social hegemony as regards language may provoke a backlash from some people, given that not everyone has access to learn English. Therefore, there is a great majority that is not competent in English as to adapt to social change and to the consequences that this modernization might cause. As Robert Burchfield affirms:…
Although English is the most important and international language for us, but we should not only focus on English and there are a lot of country that don’t use English for their national language. On the other hand, it means that English may not be that important for some country which have the different national language. For example, China use Chinese, Koren use Korean, Japan use Japanese. There are more language to choose other than English. Another reason that we some people don’t like English is because they are not use to it. May be their parents will think that they are just laziness but actually not. Some people may have the learning problem In English. Although our country, Malaysia is very focused on English but there is still a lot of Malaysian not necessarily be able to speak English well as most of the Malaysian don’t even use English to communicate with each other in secondary school unless on the English class. So they will prefer to speak with same language friends than different language friends. Over the time, they rejected to speak English. By the way, they will always translate from other languages to English. In this situation they will make a lot of grammar mistakes and cause them can’t improve English correctly and rapidly.…
In our time, the English language plays a very important role in such spheres of human activity as science, technology, Economics, trade, sport, tourism. This language has become the language of international aviation and shipping. English language serves as a working language of the absolute majority of international scientific, technical, political and professional…