HISTORY
Environmental concerns and conflicts have surfaced throughout human history, from the earliest settlements to the latest headlines. This comes as a surprise to many people because our emphasis in history has all too often been on war and politics, rather than environment, culture and development.
The evidence for a longstanding concern for environmental issues has been readily available in manuscripts, publications and historical archives. It can be found under labels like conservation, public health, preservation of nature, smoke abatement, municipal housekeeping, occupational disease, air pollution, water pollution, home ecology, animal protection or many other topic areas.
The modern word “environmental” was developed as an umbrella to encompass a variety of related concerns, but the concerns and related conflicts are threaded through history like the underside of a tapestry — sometimes not visible, but always part of the fabric of life.
The broad lack of historical perspective about environmental history has its origins in neglect and misinformation. As a result, contemporary environmental issues often emerge in the mass media without context and then disappear with little more than symbolic resolution. Political conservatives seem not to recognize the reflection of their own values in conservation movements. Political liberals lack a sense of the traditions of social reform.
BACKGROUND
Air pollution causes a wide variety of health effects that range from eye irritation, to heart and lung damage, to premature death. It can also impair visibility and reduce crop production, as well as damage ecosystems, national parks, wilderness areas, and water bodies.
Air pollution comes from many different sources. "Stationary sources" such as factories, power plants, and smelters -- "mobile sources" including cars, buses, planes, trucks, and trains -- and "natural sources" such as wildfires, windblown dust, and volcanic