Rationalism claims that we can have synthetic a priori knowledge of how things are outside the mind.…
Descartes discovered his first indubitable truth is that he, himself, did exist. He used his methods of doubt to discount anything he thought he knew previously. He doubted everything his senses had told him because, according to Descartes, what he may have seen or heard might not necessarily be real. He also was not convinced that what he did in his waking life could have been while he was dreaming and, therefore, might also be false. By discarding everything based on the senses, mental imagery and by questioning the existence of God, he was able to start with a blank slate on which to prove his idea. His method of inquiry was knowledge based on certainty. Once he was satisfied that it was certain beyond any doubt, he came to his first indubitable truth, that he existed.…
Epistemology arisen either in defense of or in opposition to certain forms of skepticism. Skepticism is an attitude of doubt and uncertainty as expressed in everyday language and an identifiable school of thought in history ideas. It’s most general sense refers to doubt, disbelief, uncertainty, suspension of judgment, and rejection of knowledge. “We might say, for example, that skepticism is the denial of the existence of any justified true belief, but only when justification is understood as a matter of reason-giving of a particular kind.” (Almeder, 2010) It is the doctrine that true knowledge in a particular area is uncertain and argues that beliefs in something does not justify that an assertion of knowledge on the particular…
Descartes sets out on a mission to guarantee that every one of his beliefs is certain without any doubt. He considers that he should free himself of all false learning keeping in mind the end goal is to acquire any genuine information. Descartes chooses to question all that he has learned from truth in the past. He will depend on his thinking capacity to reconstruct his own particular knowledge, starting with a foundation of things which he is most sure about. Descartes declines to acknowledge anything that has any hint of doubt. His purpose behind doing such is because he genuinely trusts this is the best way to find the practical presence of something that cannot be questioned. Descartes uses a strategy in his endeavor to obtain information.…
Rene Descartes, a French philosopher attempted to craft groundwork to establish further scientific developments. He rationed that once one knows the foundations of a belief and one builds upon that, much of what one believes can be doubted. He held that through using math’s methods, he could apply these same methodologies to other ideas. Descartes believed that nothing can be perceived more easily and evidently than his own mind. By applying his theory, that he knew nothing for certain but was aware of his own thought, he started to combat already instituted ideas and conjured up the existence of…
Reason, is the logic upon which decisions can be made with mutual benefit or at least mutual understanding between two or more parties. Reason is what is used to neutralize volatile situations. Reason is also accepting of rational thought. If something is considered absent of reason, then one is expected to be skeptical about it’s worth. If one is convinced that something is reasonable, then it is much easier to consider it a rational proposition.…
In Meditation I, Descartes reflects on his past beliefs and realizes how so much that he once believed to be true was actually false. To separate what is truth from fiction; Descartes decided to completely reject anything which he can doubt at all. He wrote, “If I am able to find in each some reason to doubt, this will suffice to justify my rejecting the whole” (Descartes 4). The belief that inspired this method was that genuine truth was clear and distinct and that any doubt whatsoever could not provide absolute certainty. In essence, if any component of something was in the very least questionable, then any conclusion drawn from it would be at the most questionable. This method led Descartes to doubt practically everything he once believed, especially knowledge attained through the senses. He wrote, “All that up to the present time I have accepted as most true and…
According to Descartes, Rationalism is an epistemological position in which reason is said to be the primary source of all knowledge, superior to sense evidence. In other words, rationalism is the idea that people need to have some sort of reasoning to back up their ideas. Nobody is going to believe you just because you said it, you have to provide evidence. Rationalists believe that abstract reasoning can produce absolute truths about nature and existence in general which relates to his idea of the coherence theory of truth and how evidence is required for ideas to be made. An ontological argument is an argument that attempts to prove the existence of God by referring to the meaning of the word or by referring to the purportedly unique quality of the concept that is God. An example of this argument is the Pros logion of St. Anselm where the monk tried to provide Christian documentation for the existence of god. The relationship between C1 and C2 can be identified as a part-whole relationship where C2 can be considered part of C1. The reason being is because C2 refers to this idea of god and how people using different doctrines try to prove this existence but in order to prove his existence you have to include this idea of rationalism because you need some sort of evidence and reasoning behind the idea in order for people to understand your point. An example of C1 could be from an experiment we did in science class when I was in 5th when we filled up a glass with water and put a straw in it. The reason this experiment relates to the idea of rationalism is because when you look at the straw after placing it in the cup, it looks like that the straw is broken or cracked because of the light refraction, but you understand that it is not broken or cracked.…
What are the differences between the rationalist and irrationalist views of faith? Which do you find convincing? The main difference between rationalists and irrationalists views of faith is that by its very nature, religion can not be reasoned through traditional logic. This essentially means that rationalists can be mostly viewed as a foil to faith or mysticism, while irrationalists arm themselves against such conjecture by claiming faith as being immune to such slings and arrows.…
René Descartes and David Hume touched upon epistemology on the same question, “where does human knowledge come from?” They both came to very different conclusions. Descartes claimed that our knowledge came from human reasoning alone and this is an absolute certainty principle. This faculty of reasoning is innate tool that came with human species. He called this tool, “mind,” which is separated from our body. Hume on the other hand, claimed that human learned from observing the empirical world, and connecting ideas using, “cause and effect.”…
Regarding epistemology[->4], Locke disagreed with Descartes[->5]‘ rationalist theory that knowledge is any idea that seems clear and distinct to us. Instead, Locke claimed that knowledge is direct awareness of facts concerning the agreement or disagreement among our ideas. By “ideas,” he meant mental objects, and by assuming that some of these mental objects represent non-mental objects he inferred that this is why we can have knowledge of a world external to our minds. Although we can know little for certain and must rely on probabilities[->6], he believed it is our God-given obligation to obtain knowledge and not always to acquire our beliefs by accepting the word of authorities[->7] or common superstition. Ideally our…
In this paper I will argue that certainty is not necessary for knowledge. In the first section, I will go over Descartes' intent to show why certain knowledge is possible. Then in the second section, I will explain how Descartes establishes that certain knowledge is possible. Lastly, I will provide an argument regarding the need for certain knowledge.…
Descartes was a rationalist; he based his ideas about ontology and ethics on his ideas about epistemology. He demonstrated the importance of the mind with his analogy on wax. Wax, Descartes reasoned, is in a completely different form when it is cold compared to when it is melted, and yet “Does the same wax still remain after this change? It must be admitted that it does remain; no one doubts it, or judges otherwise. What, then, was it I knew with so much distinctness in the piece of wax? Assuredly, it could be nothing of all that I observed by means of the senses, since all the things that fell under taste, smell, sight, touch, and hearing are changed, and yet the same wax remains.”(Meditation II, 1641) Descartes makes the point that while our senses tell us that the wax is completely different, our mind still knows that it is the same piece of wax. This refutes the empiricist idea that knowledge is based on physical, observable reality.…
Rationalism is a common philosophy that is practiced today. Today rationalists use innate ideas which are drawn by experience, the human mindset, and intellect. Rationalism is usually used in fields of mathematics and various other areas. Rationalism can be found in science, politics, fields of mathematics, and in social environments. Scientists must rationalize the data at hand and determine a conclusion based on reasoning. Their conclusion may be influenced by previous experience or their prior…
Before going any further, perhaps it is necessary to explain what it means to be “rational.” Merriam-Webster’s defines rational as “relating to, based on, or agreeable to reason.” Therefore, a rational person is a reasonable or logical thinker. Understanding rationality also gives a person a basic understanding of its opposite, irrationality. In theory, the cultures of yesterday and today both call for people to be rational if they want to succeed. However, in reality, society has continued to tolerate, and even support, at times, the idea that life is not always rational, therefore acting in a logical manner is not necessary.…