Essay Paper
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The Universe is Only Spacetime
Particles, Fields and Forces Derived from the Simplest Starting Assumption John A. Macken
Santa Rosa, California john@onlyspacetime.com
Original Draft – February 2010 Revision 7.0 – January 2013
©2010, 2012 i
Dedication: I dedicate this book to my wife, Enid, who has encouraged me and tolerated my idiosyncrasies over the years.
Acknowledgments: I wish to thank my friend, Dr. Nikolai Yatsenko, for volunteering to spend many hours teaching me aspects of quantum mechanics and general relativity. During these lessons I began the first steps of formulating a conceptually understandable model of the universe. Also Dr. Chris Ray has provided helpful comments on the text. Finally, I would like to thank Francis William Browne for editing the book.
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Table of Contents
1 Confined Light Has Inertia 1-1 • Light in a Reflecting Box • Confined Black Body Radiation • de Broglie Waves • 8 Particle‐like Properties of a Confined Photon
2 Definitions and Concepts from General Relativity 2-1 • Schwarzschild Solution • Definition of Gravitational Gamma Г • Schwarzschild Coordinate System • Coordinate Speed of Light • Shapiro Experiment • Gravity Increases Volume • Connection Between the Rate of Time and Volume 3 Gravitational Transformations of the Units of Physics 3-1 Why Are the Laws of Physics Unchanged When the Rate of Time Changes? • Normalized Coordinate System • Length and Time Transformations • Transformations Required to Preserve the Laws of Physics • Insights From the Transformations 4 Assumptions 4-1 • This Book’s Basic Assumption • QM Model of Spacetime • GR Model of Spacetime • Dipole Waves in Spacetime • Planck
The Universe is Only Spacetime
Particles, Fields and Forces Derived from the Simplest Starting Assumption John A. Macken
Santa Rosa, California john@onlyspacetime.com
Original Draft – February 2010 Revision 7.0 – January 2013
©2010, 2012 i
Dedication: I dedicate this book to my wife, Enid, who has encouraged me and tolerated my idiosyncrasies over the years.
Acknowledgments: I wish to thank my friend, Dr. Nikolai Yatsenko, for volunteering to spend many hours teaching me aspects of quantum mechanics and general relativity. During these lessons I began the first steps of formulating a conceptually understandable model of the universe. Also Dr. Chris Ray has provided helpful comments on the text. Finally, I would like to thank Francis William Browne for editing the book.
ii
Table of Contents
1 Confined Light Has Inertia 1-1 • Light in a Reflecting Box • Confined Black Body Radiation • de Broglie Waves • 8 Particle‐like Properties of a Confined Photon
2 Definitions and Concepts from General Relativity 2-1 • Schwarzschild Solution • Definition of Gravitational Gamma Г • Schwarzschild Coordinate System • Coordinate Speed of Light • Shapiro Experiment • Gravity Increases Volume • Connection Between the Rate of Time and Volume 3 Gravitational Transformations of the Units of Physics 3-1 Why Are the Laws of Physics Unchanged When the Rate of Time Changes? • Normalized Coordinate System • Length and Time Transformations • Transformations Required to Preserve the Laws of Physics • Insights From the Transformations 4 Assumptions 4-1 • This Book’s Basic Assumption • QM Model of Spacetime • GR Model of Spacetime • Dipole Waves in Spacetime • Planck