Europe Essay

AP European Summer Work
Chapter 9: The flowering of Medieval Civilizations Cultural Developments: in the 12th and early 13th century, education was revolutionized, the
Bureaucratization of monarchies was introduced, the commercial transactions in cities, and the development of church and civil law as society became wealthier and more expansive.
The Rise of Universities: In the high middle ages, universities revolutionized the world.
Monastic Schools; monastic schools were found favorable up to 1050 but then became less favorable due to the isolation, this made the exchange of ideas difficult.
Cathedral Schools: Cathedral schools were one of the best learning institutions due to their very fluid structure, but caused riots because the townspeople found the students to be boisterous and because of their clerical status.
Universities: Universities reformed in favor to the students.
Italian Universities: Universities in Italy were more advanced and students were older and more mature.
The University of Paris: The University of Paris provided meals, housing, and libraries which is the model for colleges today, it also offered higher degrees in theology, law, and medicine which took many years to complete.
Scholasticism: Scholasticism was both a way to reason and a body of writings which appealed to cathedral schools in the late twelfth century.
Anselm of Canterbury: Anselm believed that God was a perfect being and proof that he exists.
Abelard: Abelard was a scholar meant to be in warfare but turned to his studies instead, he conceived a child with a woman he tutored. After the child was born, he proposed 150 questions and marshaled authorities from the bible and was forced to burn his works and give in to the church.
Reception of Aristotle: The works of Aristotle drove many scholars to delve deeper into Aristotle’s logic.
Thomas Aquinas: Aquinas was a brilliant scholar who wrote many books explaining the existence of God but showed characteristic weaknesses of scholasticism, but later thinkers found his works too elaborate.
Duns Scotus: Scotus believed that God was a being that had to be accepted in life, not something that had to be showed.
Spiritual Approaches to Knowledge: Many people believed that religion was not the best way to learn knowledge; instead they believed that humans should focus on the worship of Mary.
Worship of Mary: In religion, Mary added the human side to religion not just the belief of a higher being.
Cistercians and St. Bernard: The Cistercians avoided the large church orders in order to have complete emotional devotion to the humility of Christ and Mary.
Women’s Spirituality: Women couldn’t join universities so their studies had to be acquired from being a nun or court; some women were praised for their piety or mystical visions which made them important in society.
Romanesque Architecture: Major developments were introduced in architecture, sculpture, painting, and illustration and churches began to take on the gothic style.
The Romanesque Style: Roman style architecture greatly influenced the construction of roman-like buildings with heavy stone roofs, thick walls and small windows.
Romanesque Decoration: Romans influenced the style and decoration of buildings by adding antirealism to statues such as making Christ bigger than everything else.
Other characteristics of Romanesque style: Romanesque style influenced the creation of elaborate castles but kept art church based.
The Gothic style: People trying to show that the universe is reflective of all truth.
Gothic Architecture: Gothic architecture was different because it was more barbaric than other styles; examples of this include being pointed instead of arched, ribbed vaulting, and higher are lighter walls. Stained glass and cheerful statues were also introduced.
Gothic spirit: The Goths were interested in building such enormous cathedrals that many of them were not even completed. The Gothic style was to let as much light into the cathedrals so they made enormous windows to do so.

Court Culture: During the time the Goths and the universities arose, the act of chivalry was used greatly.
Chivalry: Chivalry made knights not only prepared for battle, but gave them a sense of safety from god through rituals and ceremonies given to them.
Courtly Love: Courtly love has to do with the way men act around women, books were written to show how to do this properly.
Noblewomen: Noblewomen became very comfortable in their castles, but they still had duties such as cleaning and cooking to do, such as the men needed to learn how to dance and play music.
Vernacular literature: literature was told orally to everyone from peasants to nobles, the three genres were the heroic epic, troubadour lyric poetry, and the courtly romance.
The Troubadours: Troubadours were poetry written about the lives of women, it was the opposite of a heroic epic.
The Courtly Romance: A courtly Romance is a mix of Troubadour and heroic epic poetry; it usually has something to do with women and love.
Popular literature: This time period had stories such as love to fables with animal protagonists that taught lessons and religious devotion.
The States of Europe: Governments in the 11th and early 12th century began to revolutionize the world around them.
England: Rulers in England thrived for more land which resulted in feuds.
Angevin Kingship: Henry 1’s only true daughter and the Count of Anjou had a son to become the heir to Henry 1’s throne.
Henry 11: Henry 11 has been considered one of the best kings of England because of how much land he ruled and his energy.
Itinerant Justices: These 12 “good” men would travel and punish and investigate crimes while there. This led to the petty jury system.
Common Law: Common law was different from Roman law because it was based on precedents set in earlier cases.
Thomas Becket: Becket was the Archbishop of Canterbury who was regarded as a martyr and a saint for excommunicating bishops.
Richard 1: Richard was the son of Henry and fought in many battles which gave him the title “the lion hearted.”
John 1: John was considered a wicked king because fought expensive battles and defied the Pope.
Magna Carta: John was forced to sign the Magna Carta after his barons cornered him after a terrible defeat. The document made certain unfreed class have more rights, but not serfs and villains, making 80 percent of the population.
France: France had slightly bigger problems than England due to what certain lands rulers owned.
Louis V11: Louis became king after his brother died but kept his monkish ways which made it difficult for Eleanor’s upbringing.
Phillip 11 Augustus: Phillip was a great politician but not a great warrior, during his reign the south of France began to be penetrated.
Strengthening the Administration: Phillip began to strengthen the administration of his lands which resulted in tax and rent collectors.
St. Louis: Being the successor of Phillip he ruled for only three years. He was described saintly because he went to two masses every day, was extremely faithful to his wife, washed the feet of lesser peoples, and ate his food cautious of religion.
Legal Reforms: Phillip was the first king to legislate for the whole of France; his reign also brought many new reforms and changes.
The Iberian Kingdoms: After the Reconquista, Christian lands expanded by adding Portugal, Castile, and Aragon.
Strengthening the Monarchies: Kings had to find a way to control all these territories under the same government, which was not an easy task.
Cortes: A Cortes was a group of individuals who handled taxes and answered many government related questions.
Germany: The Holy Roman Empire: Germany, not having a capital city, was much different the other empires in this time period.
Frederick 1 Barbarossa: Frederick was a great king who pursued three goals, he hoped to gain Swabia, Burgundy, and Lombardy, to force Italian kings north to claim land for him, and to be a successor of the Caesars.
Italy and the Lombard League: Frederick was looked down upon but turned that around by strengthening his cities greatly.
Ch. 10: The Urban Economy and the Consolidation of States.
Cities, Trade, and Commerce: Trade and the economy changed greatly in many different ways.
Urban Government:
Town Independence: Town began to become more independent, taking different routes by doing so.
Communes, Oligarchs, and Consuls: Town officials and government workers began to arise in the eleventh century.
Urban Populations: Urban sections of the world were a lot less populated than rural areas.
Urban Regulation: Cities needed a system in which to control overpopulate and out of control areas of the city.
Moral Regulation: Prostitution and many other morals in society were often regulated greatly.
The Organization of Crafts: Efficiency was key in minor crafts and merchants needed the raw material to do so.
Wool Cloth Production: Being the largest industry, wool was somewhat difficult to make.
The Guilds: Master artisans made guilds in order to defend and promote interests.
Guild Functions: Guilds became official by having meetings and appointing leaders and such.
Apprenticeship: Guilds taught apprentices to carry on their specialized trade to future generations.
Commercial Institutions: Because trade was growing so rapidly, institutions were formed to speed processes up.
Banks: Banks were crucial in this time and became more sophisticated as time passed.
Loans and Usury: Usury was banned by the church for many reasons and credit was introduced.
Partnerships: Partnerships financed everything from oversea voyages to fulfilling bank services.
Medici bank: The Medici bank had many different branches which enabled it to reach other parts of Europe.
Jewish Lenders: Jewish Lawyers usually handle the bigger expenses and loans.
Accounting and Insurance: Insurance helped the western world by saving the money of those who invested in sunken cargo ships and such.
Sea Traffic
Ships: Larger vessels did better out at sea, but had a hard time maneuvering in

traffic.
Navigational Instruments: Navigational instruments were crucial for sea travel, without them, it would almost be impossible.
Urban Life: Urban life was very different than castle or village life because everything was crowded, they were prone to disease, and there was no personal space to cook or relax.
Martial and Household Customs: The urban cities made everything smaller and the social system unbalanced.
Monarchies and the Development of Representative Institutions: Kings made it so that monarchies had much more power than the standard judicial system.
England and the Development of Parliament: Parliament was established because of the protests by nobles and the free population.
Origins of Parliament: Parliament was established because Henry was an unstable king.
Two Houses of Parliament: The two houses were the House of Lords and the House of Commons.
Representation: Representation was key because things began to get out of hand quickly.
Edward 1: Edward was praised for being a great warrior and for all the victories he made.
Legal Reforms: Legal reforms were necessary because Edward wanted to clean up the system.
France and the Consolidation of Rule: French kings grew very powerful by reaching out to different provinces.
Phillip IV: Phillip was known not for ruling, but for choosing the best representatives for him.
Estates General: Phillip made a meeting to grant taxation, these were known as estates.
The Holy Roman Empire and the Fragmentation of Rule: The power of the Holy Roman Empire shifted to the East.
The Habsburgs: The Habsburgs victories alarmed many German nobles.
Swiss Cantons: The Swiss turned on the Habsburgs and created their own individual group of cantons.
Government in the East: The East was threatened by many forces and began to raise its defenses.
The Byzantine Empire: This area of Europe dominated the public scene.
The Balkans: Balkans were groups who were spread out among different states.
The Mongols: The Mongols were a group of nomads who terrorized areas under the rule of Genghis Khan.
The Golden Horde: The golden horde is an area the Mongols established at Sarai.
Resettlement of the East Slavs: The Belorussians and the Ukrainians were forced to start somewhere new and develop their own social situations.
Muscovite Russia: This was the time when Russia was greatly divided within the country.
Ivan I of Muscovy: Ivan changed Russia greatly in a way by extending his possessions.
Ivan III: Ivan unified Russia to almost the way it is now.
Tsar: Ivan adopted this title by marriage to the niece of the last Byzantine emperor.
The Third Rome: Moscow was said to be the third Rome because of its density. The Papacy and the Church: France and England were low on funds, so the popes exploited their spiritual powers to raise money. The Papacy Boniface VIII: Pope Celestine resigned after he realized the corruption happening so Boniface took his place. Clash with Phillip IV of France: Phillip forebodes a restriction given to him by the pope which was feudal. Origin of the Avignon Papacy: The pope Clement V found Avignon congenial, the pope then lived there for 68 years. Papal Corruption: Popes wanted to finance their stay in Avignon; the popes then did whatever they could to make that extra buck. Monastic Orders: The monastic orders contributed to the churches poor judgment. Lay Religious Observance: Christians found renewed faith in specified organizations. Parish Guilds and Religious Practice: These guilds helped maintain the parish church, provided candles for their own worship, and put on religious plays. Anti-Semitism: Jews were targeted for dishonoring the communion without any proof at all which started anti-Semitism. Individual Spiritualism: Finding spiritualism individually changed the religious experience of many such as Catherine of Siena. Learning and Literature: Learning and Literature changed greatly with the introduction of many great poets. Philosophy St. Bonaventure: Bonaventure wrote and studied on the existence of god as a contemporary of Thomas Aquinas. Medieval Science: Science was shown as students studied under Ockham wondering if celestial bodies were the same matter as Earth. Dante: Dante was a great poet who wrote one of the most famous poems in history. The Comedy: The Comedy is a poem that Dante created from 1313 to 1321 which is about the journey to hell, purgatory, and heaven. Ch. 11: Breakdown and Renewal in an age of Plague Population Catastrophes: Famines and plagues greatly affected the lives of everyday citizens. Demographic Decline: The population was changing greatly because of what happened in this time period. Population losses: Between 1300 and 1450 an enormous decline of population occurred in vast numbers. Famine and Hunger: The first insanely large catastrophe in Europe was the lack of Food because of rotted crops which forced some into cannibalism. Plague: Also known as the Black Death, the Plague spread along caravan routes which then spread rapidly through Europe. Nature of the Disease: This type of disease took on many forms the most common one being the “bubonic.” Pandemic: The Black Death was known as a pandemic disease because it affected an entire continent. Economic Depression and Recovery: Many workers now had no reason to work not knowing what the future held but adapted soon enough. Agricultural Specialization: After the Plague, prices of household items went through the roof. Impact on the Peasantry: Peasants were in luck after the plague because jobs were in higher demand so wages could be raised. Serfdom Revisited: After the B.D. Serfs were beginning to be reintroduced throughout Europe. Agricultural Specialization: Since the prices for wool were so high, landlords begun herding sheep in large quantities, this also happened with many other goods. Gentry: Gentry was a new middle class who were wealthy enough to own land. Protectionism: This was made in order for employers to make a profit instead of giving all their money away to their highly paid employees. Guilds on the Defensive: Guild limited membership in order to grow profit margins and women were not hired because their wages were low. The Hanseatic League: The Hanseatic League increased profit by traveling on a specified route and not selling to foreigners. Technological Advances: More rational ways of work were introduced so that fewer employees had to be hired. Metallurgy: Mining and Metallurgy were enhanced by increasing the effectiveness of the tools used in these trades. Firearms and Weapons: Weapons were revolutionized such as more powerful and effective crossbows and longbows, cannons and explosives. Military Engineering: Engineering changed by Konrad Kyeser’s book on many technological advances in warfare. Mechanical Clocks: In 1360 Henry De Vick designed the first mechanical clock for King Charles V which was revolutionary. Printing: The invention of paper helped printing greatly and made writing much simpler. The Information Revolution: The printing press made it so that more books could be made quickly and libraries could be filled inexpensively and fast. The Standard of Living: The standard of living became better after the plague and the economy began to grow but the plague still lingered on people. Reduced Life Expectancy: The life expectancy was very low back then compared to nowadays but shot up after the plague from 18 to 30. Female Survival: Women began to have better immunity to diseases which resulted in them living longer. Misogyny or the Debate over Women’s Nature: Witchcraft accusations began popping up rarely in Europe and women were treated very poorly next to men. Knowledge of the Human Body: Medicine was clearly more advanced than before and with the invention of eyeglasses, the knowledge of the human body became more known. Housing and Diets: Improvements of Housing, dress, and diets became better suited for those with those privileges. Courtesy and Dress: Politeness was a key factor in the homes of the slightly wealthy to the very wealthy. Art for the Lay Consumer: Art was now not only devoted to religion, Citizens took interest in architecture and paintings not relating to the church. Popular Unrest: Social situations became more hostile in the fact that social situations become more popular. Rural Revolts: Revolts began to rise such as the English Peasant’s Revolt which was against the landlords to raise wages. Urban Revolts: In urban areas, revolts were also common. The Ciompi: The wool industry cut production which resulted in the Ciompi (the wool carders) rose in revolt. The Seeds of Discontent: The peasants were mad which led in numerous revolts. Challenges to the Governments of Europe: The Governments faced trouble with war, disease, and famine in the equation. Roots of Political Unrest Dynastic Instability: Dynasties began to fall which wasn’t good for the population as a whole. Changes in Warfare: War grew expensive as well-trained armies were needed for battle. Seeking Revenue: Revenue which the government depended on failed, seeking new revenue was the government’s next step. Representative Institutions: Taxes were controlled by the government who power is out ruled the rest. The Nobility and Factional Strife: The Nobility: Nobility offered special privileges to those with it. The Pastons: The Pastons were a family who moved up in hierarchy quickly. England, France, and the Hundred Years’ War: This war was not fought in one time but over phases and trade was a huge factor in it. The Tides of Battle: France looked like they had the better advantage in the war which resulted in an odd outcome. Joan of Arc: Joan was a peasant girl who heard voices to go lead an army which she did and won valiantly but was burned at the stake because she was tried as a heretic. The Effects of the Hundred Years’ War: This war changed many things from weapons to strategy. Parliament: Taxation was increased in England which resulted in Parliament getting a bigger role in politics. French Government: Taxing salt increased finance in France. The War of the Roses: This war was fought by the Lancastrians and the Yorkists over claim to the throne. The English and French States: England now was ready to expand beyond the sea and France ran into some trouble. The States of Italy: Economic contraction made it difficult for small businesses to operate smoothly. Milan: The ruler of Milan seized many cities in order to rule them. Florence: Florence was one of the principal banking centers in Italy at this time, increasing its prosperity. Venice: Venice was extremely independent and wealthy, resulting in a great army and navy. Papal States: Popes tried to keep their rule in Italy but it was tough because the popes were centered in Avignon, away from Italy. Kingdom of Naples and Sicily: Sicily was a battleground for rulers who wanted to own it. Balance of Power: Power had to be balanced in order for the Italian peninsula to survive. The Fall of Byzantium and the Ottoman Empire: The area of the Byzantines soon fell and was questioned who would lead them.
The Fall of Constantinople
The Rising Threat: The Ottomans took Constantinople because of how weak it was.
The Capture of the City: The Ottomans attacked from both land and water which resulted in a quick capture
The Ottoman Empire
Expansion: Mehmet II gained many lands for Constantinople (now Istanbul) which gained him notoriety.
Suleiman II: Suleiman took the Ottoman Empire to its peak of power; He also defeated the king of Hungary’s army which was a great feat.
Reasons for Success: The Ottomans gained respect by letting people live by their own rules.
The Sultan’s Advisors: The sultan chose a council called the divan to administer the military branch.
The Sultan’s Army: The army’s duty was to collect offer military service for fiefs and slaves permanently at the aid of the Sultan.