Exam revision notes for grade 11 biology. Units covered: microscopy, classification, plant & animal kingdoms, ecosystems, cycles, relationships/symbiosis and environmental change
BIOLOGY NOTES TERM 1 2003
MICROSCOPY
Ocular - lens used for magnification (usually x10)
Objectives - lenses used for magnification
Lower powerx4
Medium powerx10
High powerx40
Course adjustment - focuses image, moves focus quickly
Fine adjustment - focuses image, moves focus slowly
Stage - specimens are placed here
Condenser - focuses light
Iris diaphragm - controls amount of light passing through the specimen
TOTAL MAGNIFICATION
=
OCULAR MAGNIFICATION X OBJECTIVE MAGNIFICATION
CLASSIFICATION
Taxonomy
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species
Scientific names
Binomial system uses GENUS and SPECIES names
Keys
1)branching Keys
these keys use a tree diagram to sort out specimens
2)Dichotomous Keys
These keys use a series to pairs of questions to sort out specimens
CLASSIFICATION OF LIVING THINGS
Five Kingdoms
Monera - bacteria
Protsita - single celled (have a nucleus)
Fungi - mushrooms/toadstools etc (do not photosynthesise)
Plants - contain chlorophyll and photosynthesise
Animals - multi-cellular life forms that rely on other means for nutrition
Animal Kingdom
Phylum porifera
·Sponges
·Primitive
·No organs or systems
·Basically, a group of cells with a common collective purpose
·Sponges are filter feeders
Phylum Cnidaria
·Anemones, corals and jelly fish
·Possess stinging cells called cnidocytes
·Possess a very simple digestive system, a sac with one opening
·Corals secrete a hard calcareous (calcium carbonate) skeleton
·2 main body forms:
1)Polyp
Include corals and anemones
2)Medusa
Include jellyfish
Phylum platyhelminthyes
·Tapeworms
·Very simple digestive system (may be absent)
·Well developed reproductive system
·Can be free living or parasitic
·Tapeworms and flukes (par.)
·Planarians (free living)
Phylum Nematoda
·Roundworms, heartworm, hookworm, pinworm
·Parasitic or free living
·Digestive system with 2 openings
Phylum Mollusca
·Molluscs snails, slugs, oysters, cuttlefish, octopus, abilone
MICROSCOPY
Ocular - lens used for magnification (usually x10)
Objectives - lenses used for magnification
Lower powerx4
Medium powerx10
High powerx40
Course adjustment - focuses image, moves focus quickly
Fine adjustment - focuses image, moves focus slowly
Stage - specimens are placed here
Condenser - focuses light
Iris diaphragm - controls amount of light passing through the specimen
TOTAL MAGNIFICATION
=
OCULAR MAGNIFICATION X OBJECTIVE MAGNIFICATION
CLASSIFICATION
Taxonomy
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species
Scientific names
Binomial system uses GENUS and SPECIES names
Keys
1)branching Keys
these keys use a tree diagram to sort out specimens
2)Dichotomous Keys
These keys use a series to pairs of questions to sort out specimens
CLASSIFICATION OF LIVING THINGS
Five Kingdoms
Monera - bacteria
Protsita - single celled (have a nucleus)
Fungi - mushrooms/toadstools etc (do not photosynthesise)
Plants - contain chlorophyll and photosynthesise
Animals - multi-cellular life forms that rely on other means for nutrition
Animal Kingdom
Phylum porifera
·Sponges
·Primitive
·No organs or systems
·Basically, a group of cells with a common collective purpose
·Sponges are filter feeders
Phylum Cnidaria
·Anemones, corals and jelly fish
·Possess stinging cells called cnidocytes
·Possess a very simple digestive system, a sac with one opening
·Corals secrete a hard calcareous (calcium carbonate) skeleton
·2 main body forms:
1)Polyp
Include corals and anemones
2)Medusa
Include jellyfish
Phylum platyhelminthyes
·Tapeworms
·Very simple digestive system (may be absent)
·Well developed reproductive system
·Can be free living or parasitic
·Tapeworms and flukes (par.)
·Planarians (free living)
Phylum Nematoda
·Roundworms, heartworm, hookworm, pinworm
·Parasitic or free living
·Digestive system with 2 openings
Phylum Mollusca
·Molluscs snails, slugs, oysters, cuttlefish, octopus, abilone