Examining the Impact of Product Attributes On Perception towards Brand Product
[The name of the writer appears here]
[The name of the institution appears here]
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Preface ………………………………….………………………… 3
Abstract ……………………………………….…………………… 4
Chapter 1: Introduction ……………………………………….. 5
1.1 A Brief History ………………………………… 9
Chapter 2: Literature Review ………………………………… 12
2.1 - The Figurative and the Literal in the Expression of Time .. 15
2.2 - Linguistic Communications Model ………………… 17
2.3 - The Figurative and the Literal …………………… 17
2.4 - Appropriation of Words ………………………….. 22
2.5 - Product as Bundle of Benefits …………………… 23
2.6 - Price Pressures ………………………………… 25
Chapter 3: Hypothesis ………………………………………… 27
Chapter 4: Research Methodology …………………………… 27
Chapter 5: Findings & Discussion ……………………………. 27
5.1 - Demand: What women want ………………………… 28
5.2 - The Five Ages of Fragrance ………………………. 30
5.3 - Creating a Perfume ……………………………… 35
5.4 - Perfume Brands …………………………………….. 45
5.5 - Latest Marketing Approach ……………………….. 56
5.6 - International Influence …………………………… 67
Chapter 6: Conclusion ………………………….……………. 74
References ………………………………………………………. 76
Preface:
This primary focus of this study is to investigate the reasoning behind women 's perceptual using and purchasing perfumes, with particular reference to branding and consumer perceptual of perfume. The background to the perfumes industry and it stand today is thoroughly discussed because it was necessary in order to gain knowledge about the history of perfume making and growth in the world terminology used, market situation and the consumer. This paper presents information about different brands of perfumes available today, and their. With the help of available literature review, discussion was written and hypothesis was developed. The concept of the brand and its values, and especially
References: Arndt, Johan (1985), "On Making Marketing Science More Scientific: Role of Orientations, Paradigms, Metaphors, and Puzzle Solving," Journal of Marketing, 49 (Summer), 11-23. Benjamin, Cornelius (1966), "Ideas of Time in the History of Philosophy," in The Voices of Time, J. T. Fraser, ed., New York: Braziller, 3-30. Bergadaá, Michelle M. (1990), "The Role of Time in the Action of the Consumer," Journal of Consumer Research, 17 (December), 289-302. Black, Max (1962), Models and Metaphors, Ithaca: Cornell University Press. Booth, Wayne C. (1979a), "Metaphor as Rhetoric: The Problem of Evaluation," in On Metaphor, Sheldon Sacks, ed., Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 47-70. (1979b), "Ten Literal 'Theses, '" in On Metaphor, Sheldon Sacks, ed., Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 173-174. Brooks, Cleanth, and Robert Warren (1960), Understanding Poetry, 3d ed., New York: Holt, Rinehart, and Winston. Cacciari, Cristina (1998), "Why Do We Speak Metaphorically? Reflections on the Functions of Metaphor in Discourse and Reasoning," in Figurative Language and Thought, New York: Oxford University Press, 119-157. Ciardi, John (1959), How Does a Poem Mean? Boston: Houghton Mifflin. Clark, H. H. (1973), "Space, Time, Semantics and the Child," in Cognitive Development and the Acquisition of Language, T. E. Moore, ed., New York: Academic Press, 27-64. Cook, Guy (1992), The Discourse of Advertising, London and New York: Routledge. Crossen, Cynthia (2000), "Analogize This," Wall Street Journal (August 22), A1, A10. Doob, Leonard W. (1971), Patterning of Time, New Haven and London: Yale University Press. Feldman, Laurence E, and Jacob Hornik (1981), "The Use of Time: An Integrated Conceptual Model," Journal of Consumer Research, 7 (March), 407-419. Frye, Northrop, Sheridan Baker, and George Perkins (1985), The Harper Handbook to Literature, New York: Harper and Row. Glucksberg, S., P. Gildea, and H. Bookin (1982), "On Understanding Nonliteral Speech: Can People Ignore Metaphors," Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior, 21, 85-98. Boaz Keysar (1990), "Understanding Metaphorical Comparisons: Beyond Similarity," Psychological Review, 97 (1), 3-18. Gombrich, E. H. (1972), Symbolic Images: Studies in the Art of the Renaissance, London: Phaidon. Graham, Robert J. (1981), "The Role of Perception of Time in Consumer Research," Journal of Consumer Research, 7 (March), 335-342. Greenleaf, Eric A., and Donald R. Lehmann (1995), "Reasons for Substantial Delay in Consumer Decision Making, "Journal of Consumer Research, 22 (September), 186-199. Grice, H. P. (1975), "Logic and Conversation," in Syntax and Semantics: Speech Acts, vol. 3, P. Cole and J. L. Morgan, eds., New York: Academic, 41-58. (1989), Studies in the Way of Words, Cambridge: Harvard University Press. Gross, Barbara L. (1987), "Time Scarcity: Interdisciplinary Perspectives and Implications for Consumer Behavior," Research in Consumer Behavior, 2, 1-54. Jagdish N. Sheth (1989), "Time-Oriented Advertising: A Content Analysis of United States Magazine Advertising, 1890-1988," Journal of Marketing, 53 (October), 76-83. Guy, Bonnie S., Terrie L. Rittenburg, and Douglass K. Hawes (1994), "Dimensions and Characteristics of Time Perceptions Among Older Consumers," Psychology and Marketing, 11 (January/February), 35-56. Hawkes, Terence (1972), Metaphor, London: Methuen. Heider, F. (1958), The Psychology of Interpersonal Relations, New York: Wiley. Hitchon, Jacqueline (1991), "Effects of Metaphorical vs. Literal Headlines on Advertising Persuasion," in Advances in Consumer Research, vol. 18, Rebecca H. Holman and Michael Solomon, eds., Provo, UT: Association for Consumer Research, 752-753. Holbrook, Morris B., and Elizabeth C. Hirschman (1982), "The Experiential Aspects of Consumption: Consumer Fantasies, Feelings, and Fun," Journal of Consumer Research, 9 (September), 132-140. Donald R. Lehmann (1981), "Allocating Discretionary Time: Complementarity Among Activities," Journal of Consumer Research, 7 (March), 395-406. Hornik, Jacob (1988), "Diurnal Variation in Consumer Responses," Journal of Consumer Research, 14 (March), 588-591. Howard, John A., and Jagdish N. Sheth (1969), The Theory of Buyer Behavior, New York: Wiley. Hunt, Shelby D., and Anil Menon (1995), "Metaphors and Competitive Advantage: Evaluating the Use of Metaphors in Theories of Competitive Strategy," Journal of Business Research, 33, 81-90. Jacoby, Jacob, George J. Szybillo, and Carol Kohn Berning (1976), "Time and Consumer Behavior: An Interdisciplinary Overview," Journal of Consumer Research, 2 (March), 320-339. Janus, R., and T. Bever (1985), "Processing of Metaphoric Language: An Investigation of the Three Stages of Metaphoric Comprehension," Journal of Psycholinguistic Research, 14 (5), 473-487. Johar, J. S., and M. J. Sirgy (1991), "Value-Expressive Versus Utilitarian Advertising Appeals: When and Why to Use Which Appeal," Journal of Advertising, 20 (September), 23 34. Juhasz, Suzanne (1974), Metaphor and the Poetry of Williams, Pound, and Stevens, Lewisburg: Bucknell University Press. Kassarjian, Harold H. (1977), "Content Analysis in Consumer Research," Journal of Consumer Research, 4 (June), 8-18. Katz, Albert N., Allan Paivio, and Mare Marschark (1985), "Poetic Comparisons: Psychological Dimensions of Metaphoric Processing," Journal of Psycholinguistic Research, 14 (4), 365 383. Mark Turner, Raymond W. Gibbs, Jr., and Cristina Cacciari (1998), "Counterpoint Commentary," in Figurative Language and Thought, Albert N. Katz, Cristina Cacciari, Raymond W. Gibbs, Jr., and Mark Turner, eds., New York: Oxford University Press, 158-188. Koble, Richard H., and Melissa S. Burnett (1991), "Content-Analysis Research: An Examination of Applications with Directives for Improving Research Reliability and Objectivity," Journal of Consumer Research, 4 (June), 8-18. Kummel, Friedrich (1966), "Time as Succession and the Problem of Duration," in The Voices of Time, J. T. Fraser, ed., Francesco Gaona, trans., New York: George Braziller, 31-55. Leclerc, France, Bernd H. Schmitt, and Laurette Dubé (1995), "Waiting Time and Decision Making: Is Time Like Money?" Journal of Consumer Research, 22 (June), 110-119. Leigh, James H. (1994), "The Use of Figures of Speech in Print Ad Headlines," Journal of Advertising, 23 (June), 17-34. Marschark, Marc, Albert N. Katz, and Allan Paivio (1983), "Dimensions of Metaphor," Journal of Psycholinguistic Research, 12 (1), 17-40. McGuire, William J. (2000), "Standing on the Shoulders of Ancients: Consumer Research, Persuasion, and Figurative Language," Journal of Consumer Research, 27 (June), 109-114. McQuarrie, Edward F., and David Glen Mick (1992), "On Resonance: A Critical Pluralistic Inquiry into Advertising Rhetoric," Journal of Consumer Research, 19 (September), 180-197. (1996), "Figures of Rhetoric in Advertising Language," Journal of Consumer Research, 22 (March), 424-438. (1999), "Visual Rhetoric in Advertising: Text-Interpretive, Experimental, and Reader-Response Analyses," Journal of Consumer Research, 26 (June), 37-54. Mowen, John C. (1980), "On Product Endorser Effectiveness: A Balanced Model Approach," Current Issues and Research in Advertising 1980, 3 (1), 41-57. Maryanne M. Mowen (1991), "Time and Outcome Valuation: Implications for Marketing Decision Making," Journal of Marketing, 55 (October), 54-62. Myers-Levy, Joan, and Durairaj Maheswaran (1992), "When Timing Matters: The Influence of Temporal Distance on Consumers ' Affective and Persuasive Responses," Journal of Consumer Research, 19 (December), 424-433. Nelson, Michelle R., and Jacqueline C. Hitchon (1995), "Theory of Synesthesia Applied to Persuasion in Print Advertising Headlines," Journalism and Mass Communication Quarterly, 72 (Summer), 346-360. Ortony, A. (1975), "Why Metaphors Are Necessary and Not Just Nice," Educational Theory, 25, 45-53. (1979), "Metaphor: A Multidimensional Problem," in Metaphor and Thought, Andrew Ortony, ed., Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1-16. A. D. Schallert, R. Reynolds, and S. Antos (1978), "Interpreting Metaphors and Idioms: Some Effects of Context on Comprehension," Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior, 17,465-478. Paivio, Allan (1979), "Psychological Processes in the Comprehension of Metaphor," in Metaphor and Thought, Andrew Ortony, ed., Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 150-171. Park, C. Whan, Easwar S. Iyer, and Daniel C. Smith (1989), "The Effects of Situational Factors on In-Store Grocery Shopping Behavior: The Role of Store Environment and Time Available for Shopping," Journal of Consumer Research, 15 (March), 422-433. Pawlowski, Donna R., Diane M. Badzinski, and Nancy Mitchell (1998), "Effects of Metaphors on Children 's Comprehension and Perception of Print Advertisements," Journal of Advertising, 27 (Summer), 83-98. Pollay, Richard W. (1985), "The Subsiding Sizzle: A Descriptive History of Print Advertising, 1900-1980," Journal of Marketing, 49 (Summer), 24-37. Poulet, Georges (1956), Studies in Human Time, Elliott Coleman, trans., Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. Powell, Anthony (1955), A Dance to the Music of Time, Boston: Little, Brown. Proust, Marcel (1970), Time Regained, London: Chatto and Windus. Richards, I. A. (1936), The Philosophy of Rhetoric, London: Oxford University Press. Roberts, Richard M., and Roger J. Kreuz (1994), "Why Do People Use Figurative Language?" Psychological Science, 5 (May), 159-163. Searle, John R. (1979), Expression and Meaning: Studies in the Theory of Speech Acts, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Shavitt, Sharon (1989), "Operationalizing Functional Theories of Attitude," in Attitude Structure and Function, A. R. Pratkanis, S. J. Breckler, and A. G. Greenwald, eds., Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum, 311-337. (1990), "The Role of Attitude Objects in Attitude Functions," Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 26 (March), 124-148. (1992), "Evidence for Predicting the Effectiveness of Value-Expressive Versus Utilitarian Appeals: A Reply to Johar and Sirgy," Journal of Advertising, 21 (June), 47-52. Spears, Nancy (2001), "Time Pressure and Information in Sales Promotion Strategy: Conceptual Framework and Content Analysis," Journal of Advertising, 30 (Spring), 67-76. J. C. Mowen, and G. Chakraborty (1996), "A Theoretical and Empirical Analysis of the Symbolic Role of Animals in Advertising," Journal of Business Research, 37 (October), 87-95. Sperber, Dan, and Deirdre Wilson (1986), Relevance: Communication and Cognition, Cambridge: Harvard University Press. Stern, Barbara B. (1988), "How Does an Ad Mean? Language in Services Advertising," Journal of Advertising, 17 (2), 3-14. Jonathan E. Schroeder (1994), "Interpretative Methodology from Art and Literary Criticism: A Personistic Approach to Advertising Imagery," European Journal of Marketing, 28, 114-132. Suda, David (1989), The Moving Image: Immutability, Metaphors, and the Time Clocks Tell, Lanham, MD: University Press of America. Toncar, Mark, and James Munch (2001), "Consumer Responses to Tropes in Print Advertising," Journal of Advertising, 30 (Spring), 55-66. Tourangeau, R., and R. J. Sternberg (1981), "Aptness in Metaphor," Cognitive Psychology, 13, 27-55. Woolf, Virginia (1927), To the Lighthouse, New York: Harcourt Brace. Clash Of The Titans , Soap, Perfumery & Cosmetics, 0037749x, Oct2000, Vol. 73, Issue 10 Young At Heart , By: Brookman, Faye, Soap, Perfumery & Cosmetics, 0037749x, Jul2000, Vol National Anthems , Soap, Perfumery & Cosmetics, 0037749X, Oct94, Vol. 67, Issue 10 The Sales Appeal of Scents Magazine, 00952222, Oct95, Vol What Women Want In Fragrance , By: Seymour, Lesley Jane, Dci, 10964819, Mar97, Vol. 160, Issue 3 What 's In A Name? , By: Molaro, Regina, Sanabria, Virna, Global Cosmetic Industry, 15239470, Mar2000, Vol Packaging , Soap, Perfumery & Cosmetics, 0037749x, Apr2000, Vol. 73, Issue 4