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Exchange rate exposure, hedging, and the use of foreign currency derivatives

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Exchange rate exposure, hedging, and the use of foreign currency derivatives
Journal of International Money and Finance
20 (2001) 273–296 www.elsevier.nl/locate/econbase Exchange rate exposure, hedging, and the use of foreign currency derivatives
George Allayannis

a,*

, Eli Ofek

b

a

b

Darden Graduate School of Business Administration, University of Virginia, PO Box 6550,
Charlottesville, VA 22906, USA
Stern School of Business, New York University, 44 West 4th St. #908, New York, NY 10012, USA

Abstract
We examine whether firms use foreign currency derivatives for hedging or for speculative purposes. Using a sample of S&P 500 nonfinancial firms for 1993, we find evidence that firms use currency derivatives for hedging, as their use, significantly reduces the exchangerate exposure firms face. We also find that, while the decision to use derivatives depends on exposure factors (i.e., foreign sales and foreign trade) and on variables largely associated with theories of optimal hedging (i.e., size and R&D expenditures), the level of derivatives used depends only on a firm’s exposure through foreign sales and trade. © 2001 Elsevier Science
Ltd. All rights reserved.
JEL classification: F23; F30; G30
Keywords: Risk management; Multinationals; Corporate policies; Foreign trade

1. Introduction
Exchange-rate movements affect expected future cash flows, and therefore the value, of large multinationals, small exporters (importers) and import competitors, by changing the home currency value of foreign revenues (costs) and the terms of competition. In light of this, it is surprising that previous research in the area (Jorion,
1990; Amihud, 1993; Bodnar and Gentry, 1993) finds that US multinationals, exporters, and manufacturing industries are not significantly affected by exchangerate movements.
* Corresponding author. Tel.: +1-804-924-3434; fax: +1-804-243-5021.
E-mail address: allayannisy@darden.virginia.edu (G. Allayannis).
0261-5606/01/$ - see front matter © 2001 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.
PII: S 0



References: Adler, M., Dumas, B., 1984. Exposure to currency risks: definition and measurement. Financial Management 13 (Summer), 41–50. Allayannis, G., 1996. Exchange rate exposure revisited. Working Paper (DSWP-97-06), Darden Graduate School of Business Administration, University of Virginia. Altman, E., 1968. Financial ratios, discriminant analysis and the prediction of corporate bankruptcy. Journal of Finance 23 (4), 589–609. Amihud, Y., 1993. Evidence on exchange rates and the valuation of equity shares. In: Amihud, Y., Levich, R Bodnar, G., Gentry, W., 1993. Exchange rate exposure and industry characteristics: evidence from Canada, Japan and the U.S Bodnar, G., Hayt, G., Marston, R., Smithson, W., 1995. Wharton survey of derivatives usage by U.S. Block, S., Gallagher, T., 1986. The use of interest rate futures and options by corporate financial managers. Booth, J., Smith, R., Stolz, R., 1984. The use of interest rate futures by financial institutions. Journal of Bank Research 15 (Spring), 15–20. Cragg, J., 1971. Some statistical models for limited dependent variable with application to the demand of durable goods DeMarzo, P., Duffie, D., 1995. Corporate incentives for hedging and hedge accounting. The Review of Financial Studies 95 (8), 743–771. Dolde, W., 1993. Use of foreign exchange and interest rate risk management in large firms. Working Paper, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT. Dumas, B., 1978. The theory of the trading firm revisited. Journal of Finance 33 (June), 1019–1029. Francis, K., Stephan, J., 1990. Characteristics of hedging firms: an empirical examination. In: Schwartz, R.J., Smith, C.W Froot, K., Scharfstein, D., Stein, J., 1993. Risk management: coordinating corporate investment and financing policies Geczy, C., Minton, B., Schrand, C., 1997. Why firms use currency derivatives? Journal of Finance 52 (September), 1324–1354. Haushalter, D., 2000. Financing policy, basis risk and corporate hedging: evidence from oil and gas producers Hentschel, L., Kothari, S.P., 1997. Life insurance or lottery: Are corporations managing or taking risks with derivatives? Working paper, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY. Hodder, J., 1982. Exposure to exchange rate movements. Journal of International Economics 13 (November), 375–386. Jorion, P., 1990. The exchange rate exposure of U.S. multinationals. Journal of Business 63, 331–345. Levi, M., 1993. Exchange rates and the value of the firm. In: Amihud, Y., Levich, R. (Eds.), Exchange Rates and Corporate Performance Mian, S., 1996. Evidence on corporate hedging policy. Journal of Financial and Quantitative Analysis 31 (September), 419–439. Nance, D., Smith, C., Smithson, C., 1993. On the determinants of corporate hedging. Journal of Finance 48 (March), 267–284. Shapiro, A., 1975. Exchange rate change, inflation and the value of the multinational corporation. Journal of Finance 30, 485–502. Simkins, B., Laux, P., 1997. Derivatives use and the exchange rate risk of investing in large U.S. corporations. Working Paper, Case Western Reserve University. Smith, C., Stulz, R., 1985. The determinants of firms’ hedging policies. Journal of Financial and Quantitative Analysis 20 (December), 391–405. Stulz, R., 1984. Optimal hedging policies. Journal of Financial and Quantitative Analysis 19 (June), 127–140. Tufano, P., 1996. Who manages risk? An empirical examination of risk management practices in the gold mining industry Visvanathan, G., 1998. Who uses interest rate swaps? A cross-sectional analysis. Journal of Accounting, Auditing and Finance 13, 173–200. Wall, L., Pringle, J., 1989. Alternative explanations of interest rate swaps: a theoretical and empirical analysis

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