Fall Semester Exam Study Guide

1. *Attached* 2. An independent variable is a variable whose variation does not depend on that of another. A dependent variable is a variable whose value depends on that of another. 3. Dependent: Graduation rates of the at-risk high-school seniors; Independent: Intensive study program. 4. 5. If an at-risk high-school senior participates in the intensive study program, then their graduation rates may increases. 6. A theory is a larger in scope than a hypothesis, which is a proposed explanation for a set of observations. 7. The parts of a light microscope are: inclined reversible monocular body tube, virtual image distance 250mm, virtual image, focusable gravity loaded nosepiece, disc aperture diaphragm, in-stage condenser, light switch, in-base illuminator, retinal image, eye point, eye piece, field diaphragm and pointer, arm, infinity corrected zoom objective, object, slide clip, stage, fine adjustment knob, coarse adjustment knob, and base. 8. Low power objective is 10x and high power objective is 40x. (Microscope lab) 9. Clarity is the quality of being clear while magnification is the act of magnifying, make something appear larger than it is, or the state of being magnified. 10. Transmission electron microscope is used to study internal and scanning electron microscope is used to study external. 11. A process that segregates the acid and alkaline content found in the water. 12. Anything below the pH level of 7 is an acid and anything about the pH level of 7 is a base. 13. Activation energy is energy that must be absorbed to contort or weaken bonds in reactant molecules so that they can break and new bonds can form. A catalyst reduces activation energy. 14. Biological catalysts are called enzymes. 15. List the macromolecules | Monomers for macromolecules | Draw chemical structures | Example of monomer & polymer | Carbohydrate | Monosaccharides | | Monomer: glucosePolymer: Glycogen | Lipid | Fatty Acids | | Monomer: NonePolymer: oil | Protein | Amino Acids | | Monomer: Serine Polymer: Glucagon | Nucleic Acid | Nucleotides | | Monomer: Fructose Polymer: DNA | 16. Atom, monomer, macromolecule, organelle, cell. 17. Help maintain homeostasis within an organism by keeping pH at a nearly constant value. 18.

19. Carbon. 20. Oxygen, carbon, hydrogen, and nitrogen. 21. The organelles in a plant cell are a cell wall, cell nucleus, mitochondria, ribosomes, and chloroplasts. In an animal cell, the organelles are a cell nucleus, mitochondria, and ribosomes. In a bacterium cell, the organelles are ribosomes, plasmids, and a cell wall. A cell wall is a protective layer. A cell nucleus protects the cell and helps maintain the shape. Mitochondria are where cellular respiration occurs. Ribosomes functions as the site of protein synthesis. Plasmids are a small ring of independently replicating DNA separate from the main chromosomes. Chloroplast absorbs the sunlight and uses it to drive the synthesis of organic molecules from carbon dioxide and water. 22. The difference between eukaryotes prokaryotes are eukaryotes do have a nucleus and prokaryotes do not. 23. The bigger the cell the more volume it has compared to surface area. The bigger the volume, the harder it is for the cell to divide. 24. Diffusion, osmosis, and Facilitated diffusion. 25. Diffusion can take place across all distances while osmosis takes place across permeable membrane over a short distance. 26. In facilitated diffusion, these molecules move from one side of the membrane to the other side through a protein channel that is in the membrane layer. 27. Endocytosis, Exocytosis, phagocytosis, pinocytosis, and receptor mediated endocytosis. 28. Energy. 29. A transport protein that helps maintain the balance of sodium and potassium against their concentration gradients. 30. Endocytosis is the cellular uptake of biological molecules and particulate matter via formation of new vesicles from the plasma membrane. Exocytosis is the cellular secretion of biological molecules by the fusion of vesicles containing them with the plasma membrane. 31.

32. Sex chromosomes determine an individual’s sex while an autosome is found in both males and females and do not determine an individual’s sex. 33. Gametes are a sex cell containing an egg and sperm. Each gamete has a single set of chromosomes. 22 autosomes plus a sex autosome, either X or Y. The sex chromosome determines the sex of the cell. 34. In the division process of asexual reproduction, one set of chromosomes is distributed to each daughter cell. Daughter cells then receive identical sets of chromosomes from the lone, original parent cell. Each offspring cell will then be genetically identical to the other and to the other parent cell. In sexual reproduction, a gamete has only half chromosomes as the parent cell that gave rise to it, and these chromosomes contain unique combinations of genes. 35. Prokaryotes reproduce by dividing in half, and the offspring are genetic replicas. 36. Results of karyotyping, such as chronic villus sampling (CVS), can be made available within 24 hours and can be used as early as the 8th week of pregnancy. The results of CVS give parents a chance to become aware very early in the pregnancy. 37.

38. DNA is wound around a protein core of 8 histone molecules called a nucleosome. Short stretches of DNA, called linkers, join consecutive beads of nucleosomes. 39. All living things are composed of cells, and that all cells come from other cells. 40. A pairs with T and C pairs with G in DNA replication. In RNA, A pairs with U and G pairs with C. 41. The basic shape of DNA is a double helix. 42.

43. Hydrogen bonds. 44. Hooke used a crude microscope to examine a piece of cork. Hooke’s contemporary, van Leeuwenhoek, discovered blood cells. Schwann discovered Schwann cells (glial cell). Schleiden was the co-founder of the cell theory, along with Schwann and Virchow. Mendel discovered genetics. Watson was a co-discovered of the structure of DNA with Crick. Franklin is known for fine structure of coal and graphite, structure of DNA, and structure of viruses. Wilkins is known for understanding the X-ray diffraction. Chargaff is known for the base-pairing rules. Hershey and Chase performed the Hershey-Chase experiment, which was a series of experiments. 45. First, the helix unwinds with the enzyme, helicase. Second, the enzyme polymerase adds nucleotides with DNA. Third, it is semi-conservative. And last, DNA ligase fills the gaps missed by DNA polymerase. 46. DNA is antiparallel because they run parallel but with opposite alignment. 47. Gene expression is the overall process of information flow from genes to proteins. 48. Promoter, operator, and structural genes. 49. A gene is a distinct portion of a cell’s DNA, which carries the genetic information in the body’s cell. A chromosome is genes packaged in bundles. 50. GGU AUC GUG CUG CAA UGU UGC ACU UCC AUU 51. Gly, Ile, Val, Leu, Gln, Cys, Cys, Thr, Ser, Ile.