Fluorescent
An early observation of fluorescence was described in 1560 byBernardino de Sahagún and in 1565 by Nicolás Monardes in theinfusion known as lignum nephriticum (Latin for "kidney wood"). It was derived from the wood of two tree species, Pterocarpus indicus andEysenhardtia polystachya.[2][3][4][5] The chemical compound responsible for this fluorescence is matlaline, which is the oxidation product of one of the flavonoids found in this wood.[2]
In 1819 Edward D. Clarke[6] and in 1822 René Just Haüy[7] described fluorescence in fluorites, Sir David Brewster described the phenomenon for chlorophyll in 1833[8] and Sir John Herschel did the same for quininein 1845.[9]
In his 1852 paper on the "Refrangibility" (wavelength change) of light,George Gabriel Stokes described the ability of fluorspar and uranium glass to change invisible light beyond the violet end of the visible spectrum into blue light. He named this phenomenon fluorescence : "I am almost inclined to coin a word, and call the appearance fluorescence, from fluor-spar [i.e., fluorite], as the analogous term opalescence is derived from the name of a mineral."[10] The name was derived from the mineral fluorite (calcium difluoride), some examples of which contain traces of divalent europium, which serves as the fluorescent activator to emit blue light. In a key experiment he used a prism to isolate ultraviolet radiation from sunlight and observed blue light emitted by an ethanol solution of quinine exposed by it.[11]
Physical principles [edit]
Photochemistry [edit]
Fluorescence occurs when an orbital electron of a molecule, atom or nanostructure relaxes to its ground state by emitting a photon of light after being excitedto a higher quantum state by some type of energy:[12]
Excitation: [pic]
Fluorescence (emission): [pic]
here [pic] is a generic term for photon energy with h = Planck's constant and [pic] = frequency of light. (The specific frequencies of exciting and emitted light are
In 1819 Edward D. Clarke[6] and in 1822 René Just Haüy[7] described fluorescence in fluorites, Sir David Brewster described the phenomenon for chlorophyll in 1833[8] and Sir John Herschel did the same for quininein 1845.[9]
In his 1852 paper on the "Refrangibility" (wavelength change) of light,George Gabriel Stokes described the ability of fluorspar and uranium glass to change invisible light beyond the violet end of the visible spectrum into blue light. He named this phenomenon fluorescence : "I am almost inclined to coin a word, and call the appearance fluorescence, from fluor-spar [i.e., fluorite], as the analogous term opalescence is derived from the name of a mineral."[10] The name was derived from the mineral fluorite (calcium difluoride), some examples of which contain traces of divalent europium, which serves as the fluorescent activator to emit blue light. In a key experiment he used a prism to isolate ultraviolet radiation from sunlight and observed blue light emitted by an ethanol solution of quinine exposed by it.[11]
Physical principles [edit]
Photochemistry [edit]
Fluorescence occurs when an orbital electron of a molecule, atom or nanostructure relaxes to its ground state by emitting a photon of light after being excitedto a higher quantum state by some type of energy:[12]
Excitation: [pic]
Fluorescence (emission): [pic]
here [pic] is a generic term for photon energy with h = Planck's constant and [pic] = frequency of light. (The specific frequencies of exciting and emitted light are