PROJEK MATEMATIK TAMBAHAN
3472/2
Nama Calon :
Angka Giliran :
No. IC :
Nama Guru :
ISI KANDUNGAN
No.
Butiran
1.0
Perakuan calon
2.0
Penghargaan
3.0
Objektif
4.0
5.0
Perakuan Calon Tentang Ketulenan
Tugasan Projek Kertas 3472/2
Saya memperakui bahawa Tugasan Projek yang dikemukakan untuk memenuhi syarat Peperiksaan Sijil Pelajaran Malaysia 2013 bagi mata pelajaran Matematik Tambahan 3472/2 adalah tulen.
Tandatangan Calon :
Nama Calon :
No. Kad Pengenalan :
Angka Giliran Calon :
APPERECIATION
PENGHARGAAN
HISTORY OF INDEX NUMBER
Index numberare meant to study the change in the effects of such factors which cannot be measured directly. According to Bowley, “Index numbers are used to measure the changes in some quantity which we cannot observe directly”. For example, changes in business activity in a country are not capable of direct measurements but it is possible to study the relative changes in business activity by studying the variation in the values of some such factors which affect business activity and which are capable of direc measurement.
Index number are commonly used statistical devices for measuring the combined fluctuation in a group related variables. If we wish to compare the price level of consumer items today with that prevalent ten years ago, we are not interested in comparing the prices of only item, but in comparing some sort of average price levels. We may wish to compare the present agricultural production or industrial production with that at the time of inderpendence. Here again, we have to consider all items of production and each item may be undergone a different fractional increases ( or even a decrease ). How do we obtain a composite measure? This composite measure is provided by index number which may be