Free Response Questions
1.) Three types of powers that were designed to different levels of government in The Constitution are enumerated powers, implied powers, and reserved powers. Enumerated powers are powers specifically delegated to the congress by the US Constitution. They are listed in Article 1, Section 8. These powers affect the distribution of powers between state and national governments because enumerated powers are strictly given to congress/National government which mean only they can exercise these powers. This also means that the states can’t exercise these powers. An example of an enumerated power is to create and write new federal laws. Concurrent powers are powers that are delegated to both the state and national governments. These powers allow the national and state government to share some powers and are allowed to do some of the same things. These things include the power to tax, make roads, borrow money, and the power to make lowers courts. Reserved powers are powers in The Constitution specifically reserved to the states. The powers are listed in The Constitution and in the Bill Of Rights (10th Amendment). These powers affect the distribution of powers between the state and national governments because only the states can exercise the powers listed. An example of a reserved power is to create state highways.
2.) In Fiscal Federalism there is a policy the national government uses called the fiscal policy which is use to influence states to make programs by granting or withholding money for them to do so. One way they do this is with categorical grants which are grants given to states to the national government that have a specific purpose defined by law. Categorical grants are competitive because states apply for this type of grant and federal chooses the ones they want to fund. . They are used to create school lunch programs, health care programs, etc. An advantage of categorical grants is that the programs proposed by the states get the grant based on the effectiveness the government thinks the program will have. A disadvantage of categorical grants is that the federal government might not necessarily know what programs are really good and beneficial to a state. Block grants are another way the national government encourages the states to create programs. Block grants are general grants that can be used within a broad category for a number of purposes. An advantage of block grants is that state governments can choose which programs they want to fund which is good because they know what their state needs and can create programs accordingly. A disadvantage of block grants is that states might use the money ineffectively because there isn’t much guidance and oversight from the national government.
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