Enzymes are proteins that increase the rate of chemical activity. Their three dimensional structure determines their function, and is made of chains of amino acids that have folded into a specific shape with a unique property. Enzymes lower the activation energy needed for a chemical reaction, therefore speeding up the process. Multiple enzymes work together in metabolic pathways, taking a product (end result) of one metabolic reaction as a substrate (substance or molecule at start of process) for another reaction. Metabolic pathways create the avenue for fructolysis, the breakdown (catabolism) of fructose, occurring in the liver, and in muscle and fat tissue. Most of fructose obtained by diet is metabolized in the liver, where the enzyme fructokinase is abundant. This enzyme phosphorylates the substrate (fructose) into fructose-1-phosphate, which is then split into glyceraldehyde and dihydroxyacetone phosphate, both three carbon molecules that can enter the glycolytic pathway for further oxidation and energy production. Enzymes are specific to a substrate, meaning they have an active spot on the enzyme that will only work with a specific shape of a particular substance (substrate).…
The North Aurora Police Department currently allows officers to carry their choice of 9mm or .45 caliber pistols; no long guns are available. The Firearms Training Unit has proposed that the department adopt the .223 caliber rifle for patrol officer use. The reasons for this proposal are: (1) pistols are inherently less accurate and have a shorter effective range than long guns such as rifles and shotguns, (2) pistol caliber bullets penetrate more heavily through interior walls than .223 rifle caliber bullets, which causes an increased risk of unintended persons being hit, and (3) pistol caliber bullets will not penetrate body armor and many other obstacles commonly encountered, while most .223 caliber bullets will. The objective of this research is to determine if the NAPD should adopt a long gun for patrol officer use or keep the current pistol-only program as it is. The types of weapons under consideration are pistol caliber rifles (9mm and .45 caliber), shotguns (slugs and buckshot), and the .223 caliber rifle. These weapons will be compared and contrasted with respect to accuracy & range, ease of use, wounding ability, and barrier penetration. Immediate Incapacitation Officers shoot to immediately achieve physiological incapacitation of a suspect who is threatening life. This means that the suspect is rendered physically incapable of continuing his or her life threatening behavior. This is done by (1) damaging or destroying the suspect’s central nervous system by shooting the brain or upper spinal cord, or (2) interrupting blood flow to the brain, to cause unconsciousness, through shooting the center mass of the suspect. Stopping blood flow to the brain is done by creating…
Tire-deflator devices immobilize vehicles moving at high speeds across open roadway (National Institue of Justice, n.d.). The RoadSpike™ has remote activation and deactivation capabilities so the officer can leave the spikes flat until the right vehicle comes (National Institue of Justice, n.d.). The spikes can be used to capture multiple vehicles and are reusable. It is easily stored by rolling into a loop and putting into the trunk of a patrol car (National Institue of Justice, n.d.). It does have a downside, it puts officers and motorists at risk because officers have to place the strips across the road. Also, officers have to be able to correctly predict which way the suspects are going to go in order for the strips to be effective (National Institue of Justice,…
Our forefathers with great fortitude put together a document that would be forever known as the constitution. This document addressed the rights of the citizens of the newly formed states. One amendment has been a focal point of discussion in recent weeks with the leakage of NSA protocol. The fourth amendment states, “The right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures, shall not be violated, and no warrants shall issue, but upon probable cause, supported by oath or affirmation, and particularly describing the place…
Angela Kelley’s article “Excuse Me, But Your House is Leaking,” discusses the new technologies of Thermal Imaging Devices (TIDs) and how they are impacting our Fourth Amendment right that protects us against invasion of privacy. The use of TIDs improperly opens the door to unreasonable searches and seizures. Because of the nature of the intrusion, TIDs somehow fall outside the letter of the law. However, do they fall outside the spirit in which the laws were originally crafted? This paper will react to this point.…
The Fourth Amendment states, “The right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects against unreasonable searches and seizures, shall not be violated and no warrants shall issue, but upon probable cause, supported by oath or affirmation, and particularly describing the place to be seized (Lehman 471-476).” This amendment can be broken into 2 distinct parts the reasonableness clause and the warrant clause.…
The Criminal Justice system in the United States date back to colonial days when the citizens were subject to the laws and rules of the British. Many times the laws and subsequent punishment were not always fair and just](para. 1). Policing and technology has a lot to do with these changes. The criminal justice system has changed somewhat for the worst, but mostly for the better. Nevertheless, the goal and urgency of protecting the community and it’s citizens has not changed, but has only gotten stronger to fulfill. Technology will only cause improvements with the fight to deter crime. As crime increases, so will technology. As technology increases, so will crime. Advancements of technology will also change policing as well. Laws will become more strict, making it harder for criminals to fight…
These machines keep most drivers safe while on their daily commute or longer road trips. They reduce the amount of speeding drivers which keeps people safe on the road. These cameras are the most effective piece of equipment keeping the roads safe…
In addition, we then went over a few amendments. One of the Amendments that I was surprised to learn about was Amendment number four. Amendment number four is specifically directed the government and law enforcement. It's telling the government that they can't have unreasonable searches, and seizures. I was shocked becuase the Constitution, Bill of rights and other important documents are all focused on what society can and cannot do and the fourth amendment's is not geared to us (society) but towards the govt in order for them to not abuse their power. So basically, the Fourth Amendment tells the government if they want a warrant , here’s whats required…
In the 1900s when policing was created they had to face many issues to make sure that they handle lowering crime rates. Those were desperate times for policemen in a hostile country with unpaved streets and uneven sidewalks, sometimes miles from the police station, with little prospects of assistance in case of need. It took nerve to be a policeman in those days. The first use of technology in policing was cars, radios, computers, and firearms. If it were not for the creation of technology in 1900s police departments would have a very hard time to stop all the crimes that were being created. So in 1960 the Crime Commission was established. Today in the 21st Century there are many new kinds of technology used in policing and one is being created for the “future cops” which decreases the dangerous high-speed chases with criminals is the StarChase System. The StarChase system is a laser guided GPS tracking system that is launched from the front grill of the squad car and guided by a laser-light. The police departments would find ways on how to prevent and solve crimes with the use of technology. Only in recent years have many agencies found the use of information technologies significantly helpful. Some examples of these technology uses include fingerprinting databases, computerized crime mapping, and records management systems doing everything from inventorying property and cataloging evidence to calculating solvability factors. Police Agencies in modern society are a part of the American fabric to serve and protect the American public. The United States currently…
Police pursuits are one of the biggest issues facing police departments today. Some people feel that the police should not engage in pursuits at all. On the other hand, some feel that this power should not be taken away. The value of chasing offenders who flee from law enforcement officers in Automobiles continues to be the subject of intense interest and controversy among law enforcement officers and public officials alike. As many as 40 percent of all motor vehicle police pursuits end in collisions and some of these result in nearly 300 deaths each year of police officers, offenders, or innocent third party individuals. Since many police pursuits result in accidents and injuries, agencies and officers become subjects of…
Would the police violate a suspect’s Fourth Amendment rights against unlawful search and seizure by secretly placing a GPS tracking device on the suspect’s car for an extended time without first securing a warrant to do so? Explain. See, for example, United States of America v. Lawrence Maynard, 615 F.3d 544 (D.C. Cir. 2010); petition for rehearing en bane denied, United States of America v. Antoine Jones, 625 F.3d 766 (D.C. Cir. 2010).…
“The right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects, against unreasonable search and seizures, shall not be violated, and no warrants shall issue, but upon probable cause, supported by oath or affirmation, and particularly describing the place to be searched and the persons or things seized.”…
Paul Waldman’s “Gun control fight just beginning” appeared in the CNN news website in April 19, 2013. In this argument, Waldman aims to inform his audience about the terms of the gun control debate. The argument that he is counteracting is that people are using their ethos to give credibility to their scare tactics. This dominates the argument through pathos (lies) to completely override all example of logic to keep any gun control legislation from passing. Waldman is effective using logos to show and prove that the fight on gun control is truly just beginning. That if proponents stick with it we will be seeing some gun control laws put into affect.…
Nielsen, E. (2001). Taser International takes the Taser to a higher level. Law and Order, 5, 57-62.…