Geo Notes

STATS:
SSA owed 3 billion in 1962z 142 bill after 20 yrs, and now 235 billion.
Paris club of government creditors: raised lending from 424 mill to 2.9 bill.
Chapter one:
- Human population increases exponentially while food production only increases arithmetic ally
-one of two corrections to population growth:
Raise food prices so that couples delay marriage and number of children in family
Positives checks such as famine, disease and war.
American economist Julian Simon: limits to population is not meaningful. Each person adds resources to our planet.
Annual growth rate of the world: 0.02 to 0.17 to 0.98 in the 19th to 21st century.
Rate of pop growth began to slow: 1 billion people took 12 years for both the fifth and sixth billion.
Reasons for growth:
Lowering death rates
Increasing life expectancies
90% pop growth in developing countries. Most in Asia, declining in Europe.
American baby consumes 80 times the resources as indian.
Developing countries have a wide base which means that there will be a lot of children entering their reproductive years and thus raise the population.
Most countries in Europe and some in Asia have below avg fertility rates. Sub Saharan regions have fast pop growth rates, but it also fell. Bangladesh: 6.7 to 3.1. Turkey: 4.3 to 1.7, Kenya: 8.1 to 4.9.
Africa will double its pop in the next 25 yrs. 5.3 avg fertility.
Stage one: centel africa. Death rages high birty rates high. Children die young so families have more. They do work at the age of six to seven and by twelve they're producing more than they consume. Provide security for when parents are of old age.
Stage two: death rates fall, birth rates stay cuz of cultural reasons. Kenya, Afghanistan,
Stage three: birth rates fall as well.china, chile, israel.
Stage 4: low death and birth rates. Declining population.
Demographic transition model based in europe's experience. Other countries seem to pass through the model quicker. Gives people who R concerned some hope.
AIDS: if not for aids, Africa would have 25% more population and higher life expectancy.
283\1000 infant mortality in Sierra leone,

China population distribution: 80% occupies eastern 20% land and vice versa,

Responses to low high fertility:
Dependency and aging ratios.
Ages equals stress on social security and pension funds. Increasing population depend on decreasing workforce.
Dependency formula: number of dependent ppl x 100/number of working people
Australia: 46.9% dependcy ratio
Population policies:
Dani ppl or Indonesia: eat sap that prevents children after their second child.
Governments introduce anti Natalie's policies which discourage births.
Offer incentives to families that limit number of children
Chinas population policy: one child policy
1949: short life expectancies and high birth rates.
Mao encouraged growth and thought it necessary to have large population.
After Mao died government turned anti natalist. Bigger slice of cake for everyone.
1980: one child policy: rewards and benefits such as health care and making coworkers pressure each other.
Punishments: fines, losing gov benefits, dismissal from employment.
Exceptions: children in rural areas who need 2 to work. Single female child, disabled child.
Forced abortion,drowning girl babies.
China will have 70 million bachelors due to lack of girls.
Us population policy
Enhance individual ppls rights to choose their own family planning.
Family planning agencies provide services for adolescents.
Nigeria population policy