Germanistics
1. Te Germanic language family. General characteristics. Classification of G.lang. & ancient G. tribes.
I- Old G. Lang. :
1. East G. L. ( Vindili) :
Gothic(4c.AD)
Vandalic
Burgundian
2. North G. L. (Hilleviones)
Old Norse or Old Scandinavian (2-3c. AD) Futhark
Old Icelandic (12c.AD)
Old Norwegian (13c.AD)
Old Danish(13c.AD)
Old Swedish (13c.AD)
3. West G.( Ingvaeones, Istaevones, Herminones):
Anglian
Frisian
Langobardian
Jutish
Saxon
Franconian
High German:
-Alemanic
-Thüringian
-Swabian
-Bavarian
OE (7c. AD)
Old Saxon (9c. AD)
OHG (8c. AD)
Old Dutch (12c. AD)
II- Modern Lang.
1.West Germ.
English
German
Dutch
Flamish
Frisian
Yiddish
Afrikaans
2. North G. L.
Icelandic
Norwegian Danish Swedish
Faroese
3. East G.L. - extinct
Characteristics
1. All the G.L. of past & present have common linguistic features, some of these features are shared by other groups in the IE family, others are specifically Germanic.
2. The Germanic group of lang. acquired their specific distinctive features after the separation of the ancient Germanic tribes from other IE tribes and prior to their expansion and disintegration that is during the period of the Proto Germanic language ( unattested). The aim is to provide the general idea of what the PGLang was like, to point out its linguistic features. Theese PGfeatures, inherited by the descendant l-ges, represent the common features of the Germanic group.
3. Other common features developed later in the course of individual history of separate Germanic l-ges as a result of similar tendencies from PG causes. On the other hand many Germanic features have been disguised, transformed and even lost in later history.
Germanic languages possess several unique features, such as the following:
1. A large class of verbs that use a dental suffix (/d/ or /t/) instead of vowel alternation (Indo-European ablaut) to indicate past tense; these are called the Germanic weak verbs; the remaining verbs
I- Old G. Lang. :
1. East G. L. ( Vindili) :
Gothic(4c.AD)
Vandalic
Burgundian
2. North G. L. (Hilleviones)
Old Norse or Old Scandinavian (2-3c. AD) Futhark
Old Icelandic (12c.AD)
Old Norwegian (13c.AD)
Old Danish(13c.AD)
Old Swedish (13c.AD)
3. West G.( Ingvaeones, Istaevones, Herminones):
Anglian
Frisian
Langobardian
Jutish
Saxon
Franconian
High German:
-Alemanic
-Thüringian
-Swabian
-Bavarian
OE (7c. AD)
Old Saxon (9c. AD)
OHG (8c. AD)
Old Dutch (12c. AD)
II- Modern Lang.
1.West Germ.
English
German
Dutch
Flamish
Frisian
Yiddish
Afrikaans
2. North G. L.
Icelandic
Norwegian Danish Swedish
Faroese
3. East G.L. - extinct
Characteristics
1. All the G.L. of past & present have common linguistic features, some of these features are shared by other groups in the IE family, others are specifically Germanic.
2. The Germanic group of lang. acquired their specific distinctive features after the separation of the ancient Germanic tribes from other IE tribes and prior to their expansion and disintegration that is during the period of the Proto Germanic language ( unattested). The aim is to provide the general idea of what the PGLang was like, to point out its linguistic features. Theese PGfeatures, inherited by the descendant l-ges, represent the common features of the Germanic group.
3. Other common features developed later in the course of individual history of separate Germanic l-ges as a result of similar tendencies from PG causes. On the other hand many Germanic features have been disguised, transformed and even lost in later history.
Germanic languages possess several unique features, such as the following:
1. A large class of verbs that use a dental suffix (/d/ or /t/) instead of vowel alternation (Indo-European ablaut) to indicate past tense; these are called the Germanic weak verbs; the remaining verbs