germany OCR NOTES AS

CHAPTER 3 OF DEMOCRACY AND DICTATORSHIP - NOTES – EXAM REVISION
How effective did Hitler establish and consolidate Nazi Authority 1933-1945 ?
How was enabling act passed?

Invited the crown prince at ceremony in the military church in Potsdam on 21 march pledged allegiance to the traditions and values of past and reawakened memories of UNITY AUGUST 1914.

= he is a conservative statesman.

KPD , SPD members arrested.

Told Centre Party he would protect the rights and privileges of Catholic church. And they thought they would influence him from inside.

Told Bourgeois parties that the Reichstag , presidency and Lander they would eventually regain powers.

SS also surrounded Opera House outside and SA lined up in corridors intimidating people .

= ENABLING ACT PASSED 444 votes to 94 only SPD opposed.

This allows him to pass any legislative without parliament approving / revise constitution independently and introduce budgets.

QUOTE : Goebble’s ‘ Fuhrs authority in the cabinet is absolute’

What was the process of coordination ( Gleichschaltung) and how did it enable Hitler to set up the one party state ?

How were the federated states put under control of the Nazi Party?

The lander government lost all their independence under heavy pressure from SA and gov action : being under control of National Socialist regime.

Coordination law of 31 march 1933 , the LANDER DIETS were reconstituted to reflect reich gov (nazi gauleiter)

1934 JAN lander diets were dissolved state gov were subordinated (less imp) to reich gov

How did the Nazi ban the SPD and the trade union and create the Reich Labour Front?

SA /SS occupied trade union offices leading trade unions beaten up/ concentration camps.

DAF replace trade union
Social democrats in prison
500 SPD members beaten up.

DISSOLUTION OF CENTRE PARTY

The pope and German Catholics say Hitler as defence against the dangers of communism. They hoped they would negotiate an coordinate with gov that would give the independence nessasarly to survive – thus CONCORDAR SIGNED in July = centre party dissolved (2nd big party after spd)

THE LIQUIDATION OF STATE PARTY AND DVP AND DNVP

DVP dissolved
DNVP – Nationalists 1933 Ernest Obergohren resigned – died – party dissolved
The stahlelm the right wing ex soldier league linked with DNVP linked with SA in June.

BUSSINESS AND INDUSTRY

Employers , business and agricultural interest groups forced into single organisation under nazi control and claimed loyality to regime.

Were coordinated into REICH CHAMBER OF GERMAN INDUSTRY (managed own affairs)

June 1933 industries had to pay ‘adolf hitler donation ‘ in gratitude to elimination of T/U.

Historian quote Norbert Frei ‘ clear market of its independence’

EDUCATION AND MEDIA , CULTURE

1933 GOEBBLES minister of propaganda controlled media.
Ministry of interior compelled German states to intro new syllabus in schools uni’s
All ‘ intellectual workers’ forced to join REICH CHAMBER OF CULTURE so they can be checked in activities.
Teachers etc connected to NATIONAL SOCIALIST TEACHERS.

THE ARMY
Feb 1933 said he would respect armys traditions – promised rearmament and conquest eastern Europe.

CATHOLIC CHURCH : concordat signed allowed religious freedom , right to administer itself and appoint its own clergy and the extention of privileges – pl can demand faith schools youth clubs etc. EVANGELIC CHURCH – wanted to unite church and gov = power control
Hitler made ‘ new military church affairs which failed to coordinate protestants.

Why did SA threaten Hitler power 1933-1934?

Support need by tradition elites to solve unemployment.
Announced no revolution Nazi takeover is finished – which was opposite what exteme Ernst Rohm wanted a radical nazi revolution – this threatened Nazi rearmament and led it to rival with SA.
Hitler wanted tradition army not SA for new army.
Introduced military conscription
17 june Hitler criticized by von papen warned that nazi could make a second revolution and dared to criticize hitler. About the SA.

Army not Nazified institution and had independence from hitler and had power to get rid of him. 400,000 people 1933.

SA criticized policy of cooperation ‘ I want second edition of imperial Germany Hitler is a swine ‘

NIGHT OF THE LONG KNIFES TAKES PLACE – 30 JUNE 1934
SS acting on hitlers orders eliminate the SA
200 people murdered – legalised murder-

Hitler claimed he did it to save the country from SA COUP = made him secure armys support and public support on his decisive actions , allowed hitler to take president role not just chancellor.
SA declined 1.6 million 1935 october.

How well organised was the system of government ?

1934 3rd Reich was unstable regime as rival hierchas , central powers had a lack of clear structure of command.
3 overlapping powers : central gov + ministries , civil service
The Nazi party and SS
Dictatorship of Hitler .

Central government

Hilter wanted to show conservatives he wasn’t a revolutionary eg Russians.

And wanted to link his regime to German past traditions

‘ dual state ‘ made. ( 2 forms of gov at same time = existing pre 1933 organs of ministries and civl service with nazi organisations.

Enabling act showed that Reichstag imp declined 1938 last meeting 6 times.
1937 - 7 ministers of state were still conservative nationalist ministers.

Power of central departments were still increased due to federal state weakened power by Nazis
Civil servants retained gov dep and branches independence.
1933 APRIL ‘ LAW FOR THE RESTORTION OF PROFFESIONAL CIVIL SERVICE ‘ purged jews socialist communists .
1939 had to be part of NAZI PARTY to join civil service.

SUPREME REICH AUTHORITIES

Hitler made new departments which were independent so nazi policies can be enforced.
FRITZ TODT hitlers road building expert given power to make autoban programme despire opp.
Labour service , german youth and four year plan – other supreme authorities challenged exisiting ministires, contributing to intense rivlaries thus undermined reich gov effectiveness.

Why did the influence of nazi party revive?

Ribbentrop nazi appointed as foreign minister , weaken power of professional diplomats.

Febuary 1938 hitler sacked GENERAL VON FITSCH AND COMMANDER IN CHIEF AND DEFENCE MINISTER – VON Bloomsburg over alleged scandals, weakening power of army.

Replaced it with high command of German armed forced OKW .

Anchslus of Austria march 1938 – annexation of Sudetenland and bohemia.

Nazis seized power by force - josef burckel nazi commissioned controlled interfered in church affairs and legal system – jews.

What was the impact of ww2 on nazi party? 1939 -45

The gauleiters made reich defence commissioners in September 1939.
Incase of emergencies such as invasion – authority given to take charge of civil authorities in GAUE.
1944 made responsible for organising citizins mitalia , the volkksturm
War gave nazi opp to influence : escape anglo American bombing in Germany
Hitler youth responsible for welfare.
Battle of Stalingrad nazi influence in army incr.
1944 july plot – Goebbles set up a specaul post office box to any soldiers in the rank write if there are traitors.
Hitler in second

Hitler in second world war :
June 1941 – nov 1944 – he encamped in head quarters east Prussia + Ukraine
He opposed setting up any committee with real powers so he wouldn’t be challenged.
He vetoed all attempts to reintro regular cabinet meetings and disapproved of minister meetings.
Decisions only made if you see him in person – access controlled by Martin Bormann chief party chancellery .

Hitler’s role as Fuhr
Hitler myth = charismatic image – was compared to Bismarck and Fredrick the Great
Birthdays were celebrated with parades.
QUOTE IAN KERSHAW ‘ seen as solider , artist,worker , ruler, statesmen , all can identify’
Hitler celebrated in biblical echoes – religious lang –

Played no day to day government role

Ministers/ officials had little contact with him due to him isolating himself in Chalet Berghof in Bavaria ‘ people worked toward fuhr’ guessing what he wants (decisions) due to lack of leadership contact.

How successful was the Nazi Machinery of Terror at controlling 3rd Reich?

THE COURTS
Wanted to retain people community – volkmeinschaft :

Intro 1934 DECEMBER – any hate remarks about nazi state will be executed

Peoples court set up – trailed 1939 over 3000 pl – communist SPD etc

Jury defendants no right to appeald – death penalty increased due to 3rd reich

Judges instructed to tougher sentences and carry gov wishes

1939 qualify as a judge - learning study of National socialism and ideological foundations.
1942 annouced to remove pl who didn’t do what gov said.
1942 OTTO THIERACK ( ss group leader/ president of pl court) nazi loyality

THE SS
Heinrich Himmler SET UP SS ‘ state in a state’- independent organisation 1926
Hitler wanted to create new racial elite – Aryan race only joined ranks.
Controlled entire police system in 3rd reich

IDEOLOGICAL ROLES: SS Elite Force role models for racial purity , running its own elite schools , indoctrination and research to investigate heredity

MILITARY: controlled concentration camps were training young peasants for jobs, Waffenss armed SS had own military units gave party control of army.

ECONOMIC: owned companies, employed slave labour in concentration camps to work for companies.
CONQUEST: 1939 administerign conquered territories , appointed REICH COMMINSIONER , Can import deport refugees
1936 took over gestapo worked with SD under REINHARD HEYDRICH
Death headquater trained pl to torture pl at concentration camps

‘ swore they were loyal and brave to fuhr’ ‘ obiendence till death’
GESTAPO

Defencing people community – were uniformed police – criminal police – the KRIPO
Stop a-socials and political enemies
Destroy all destructive cells – jews –communists behind crimes
Headed by Heinrich Muller.
1929 20,000 officers – 3,0000 ss pl
Asked to spy on neighbours workmates – pl who listened to BBC foreign broadcast
1939 united – SS – SD – GESTAPO-Reich criminal police dep – security head office
Powers increased = drafted war penal (punishmend code) + ordinance aganinst parasites of body politic’

CONCENTRATION CAMPS AND TREATMEND OF OPPOSITION

1933 C/C made and torture chambers
Gypsies , jews , homo’s , tramps , traffic offenders, foreigners, political prisoners, beggars , anyone who didn’t fit in society .
Himmler ddnt close down c/c : DACHAU , SAHSENHAUSEN , BUCHENWALD, LICHTENBURG , FLOSSENBURG , MAUTHAUSEN.
1940 – 80,000 inmates

HOW FAR DID NAZI CENCORSHIP AND PROPAGANDA WORK?

LITERTURE
1933 - book burning largest socialist , jewish books burnt 2,300 writers left 1945

FILM
1932- film companies controlled all by nazi
Over 100 films made by 3rd reich
Eg cult of fuhr – enternal jew – swiss jew
1938 – 10 % of films political
Riech Cienma law – film scripped submitted to censor by goebless power to ban films.
Portay jews as bad – aerism etc

MUSIC
Classical traditional music promoted for culture
Jewish composers banned – MAHLER
Modern music banned
JAZZ African music ridiculed
Mozart opera rewritten as Lonrenza was a jew .
Promoted stirring music of tales german heroes to sit patriotic emotions in rallies marches
NEWS PAPERS
1922- 4,000
82% controlled by Goebless
CHLAUSE 18 LAW – Editors excluded if they weaken reich
1935 – NP banned / forbidden to target catholic/ young pl / businessmen

RALLIER
Speer designed them
1917 1st officauls numberg rally

SPORT

1936 Berlin Olympic propaganda new stadium modest style
THEATRE
Liciences by ministry
Threatre law play public exercize subjected by police.
Modern plays banned
Only german classics

RADIO
Made it cheaper = indoctrinate all pl

Cant pick up foreign BC

80% pl 1939 had a radio
Goebless sacked 13% of opposing politicians
Reich radio company owened radio – removed from control of lander
Radio designes limited to pick up foregn B/C
HITLER MYTH
Presenting him as a noble statesmen
EG/ TRIUMPTH WILL FILM
Aeroplane from cloud his sent from God – heroic for election in 1933
-
Potsdam managed hitler center stages
Eliminating SA

SUUUUCCCESSSSFULLL
FAILLLLLUREEEE
HUGHES ‘ nazi greatest success’

Goebelles ‘ propaganda is our sharpest weapon
90% pl said they admired him
Employment fell by 2 million 1933
Shapes collective will of pl In him
Not hard working he eat eatched films , climed mountains

KERSHAW ‘ pl were suspicious of his anti Christian ‘ nazi route
Didn’t control 100% of newspapers
Not every family had a radio

ECONOMY AND SOCIETY 1933- 1945
CHAPTER 4 – TO WHAT EXTENT DID THE NAZIS TRANSFORM GERMAN ECONOMIC POLICY AND SOCIETY?

How far did the nazi gov manage + create full employment?

Work – for success
Against success DAF -1933 5,0000
1939- 20,000,000
Own propaganda dep spread nazi ideology
Own business empire / banks
5000 payed employers
Improved leasure facilities

Strength through joy

Organised workers
No distinc btw poor rich
Holidays offered cinema abroad sport
7,000 paid employers
1936 35 mill joined
1938 2,0000

Beauty of labour
Improve work place conditions
Campaign for better washing facilities
Awards given
Organised competitions

Young pl short term jobs
German air force and navy recruited lots of pl
Length of work short – more work got done
1934 2.5 mill unemployed fell DAF
No bargains over wages
Little influence over social economic policies

NSV
Scheme influences by public collections and reduction of wages

TRADE UNIOUN
Negotiated working conditions , if u want to leave job u ask reich

STRENGTH THRU JOB
Tickets expensive for working class

DAF
Gave false air of unity because they were compulsory

Women squeezed out work marker
Free loan 100 reichmarks for couple

Got rid of jews etc out of jobs not fair not representative of employment

HOW DID HITLER ASSIST MITTELSTAND AND FARMERS ECONOMICALLY?
1933 SA storm troopers attaked big departments
LAW FOR PROTECTION OF INIDIVIDUAL TRADE CHAIN STORE forbidden from opening new branches making departments
Purchase coupons given and marrage loans not spent in departments
1933 – 39 – shoe shops repair gone down 15%
Gave out loans 14 million at brink of collapse

NAZI NAPOLIA SCHOOLS –
Boarding schools
Military style education
10-13 year old boys joined
Political indoctrination
1936 – 21 made in country - controlled by ss
Adolf hitler schools – 1937 controlled by hitler
More selective 10-18 ages
1945 10 opened
If you attend u can be part of nazi party
Ordensburgen
Finishing schools for future nazi elite
Create disopline like medival knightly orders
Ages 30-25 –
Boarding school
Prof training after army and school
Young german league/ league of german girls
Be faithful and pure
1939 compulsury
Prepare to be housewife
Rules how to be healthy and eat
‘look after teeth it’s the south of pride’

Hitler youth
1930-39 = 29,000
Compulsory
Dissolved other youth groups e.g catholic church
Taken to trips , ceremonies , sing – reinforce nazi ideology
10-18 female and male

Unsucess ----------------- white rose group
Prev members hitler youth
Not indoctrinated
No control completely
Handed out anti nazi leaflet executed Swing youth
Middle class
Listened to American radio music , refused to reject jews
9 sent to concentration camp
Eddeweis pirate
During war attacked hitler youth
Disturbed communist propaganda
SCHOOLS
1933- Law restablishment civil service remove poltically unreliable
1936 – national socialist teachers league poltical indoctrination
Syllabus changed more radical – HISTORY BIOLOGY GERMAN are more imp
Nazified physics = 1933 theory relativity DR STARK JEW HATER removed Einstein theory
Teachers were sceptical of ideology
Failed to change maths in geometry focus
Nazi league students do 6 months labour service fail to dominate unis

HOW DID HITLER ASSIST THE MITTELSTAND AND THE FARMERS ECONOMICALLY?

MITTELSTAND
Small shopkeepers hates the big department stores owned by jews as they sold more goods cheaply.
Artisans with small workshops, peasants , holding were undermined larger competitors such as factories /agriculture estates.
1933 stormtroopers attacked them.
Law of Individual Trade chain stores were forbidden from opening new branches , new lines – to their product or maintaining self contained departments.
Coupons cant be spent for furniture etc in department stores by married loans.
Big business community got told ‘ no wild experiments will happened’
HJALMAR SCHACHT head of reichbank responsible ensuring job creation schemes did not lead to inflation.
Shoe repair shops declined 15%
Self employed pl earned less then workers in large factories.
Department stores closed down.
Hermann Tietz chain of stores profitis fell 50% in 1933 leaving company on brink of collapse, saved by gov loan 14 mill reichmarks. So pl don’t loose jobs.
Conditional loan for the resignation of jewish owners , renamed hertie to signify they they were no longer owned by jews.

FARMERS:
1932 German agriculture employed 30%
Nazi’s needed to win support of small upset farmers for election :
So no food shortages like great war 1900 – needs autarky production.
Four year plan introduced for that
Peasants are ‘ life source of german nation’ safeguard german heritage and young strong men raised for war needed.- blood and soil policy
ALFRED HUGEN BURG – min of eco and food.
Placed moratorium on peasants debts , inc tarrifs , imports.
DARRE – made FOOD REICH ESTATE – respon for food prod , furture german farming.
Farmers agreed for fixed prices but gov controlled them not to be too high - so they made no profit but 25% production went up.
Reich entailed farm law of 29 september – peasantry – blood spring of german nation.
Small farmer more secure by ruling that farms betwenn 7.5 and 125 hectares coul d not be divded up or sold.
It hindered the development of large scale farms which were more effiecent. It was unpopular as it prevented farmers from dividing up land for their children, or to rain loan from the bank.
Darre’s plans was to resettle songs of farmers who ddnt inherit land on the estates bankrupt junkers in East German’s

GERMANY 1945
Hitler suicide APRIL
New gov signed unconditional surrender MAY
German city is ruined in allies control
Nazi formers suicidal
Thousands homeless , no job , shelter etc , refugees billeted found ressources overstretched,- competition for scarce food etc.
Physical psychological german refugees exhausted
Dead people in camps , ghettos
US TREASURY SECRETARY HENRY J – 1944 turn this contry to an agratarian state so ti can wage a war.
1/3 woman rapped by soviets in Germany due to revenge of hitler.
NEEDS: food, fuel, rescontrust , houses , transport energy, public health
POTSDAM AGREEMENT
FEB 1945 YALTA CONDFERANCE
August pots meeting
Stalin , Truman, Churchill divided Germany in 4 , French too.

Agree= administer under allied control

Germany denazified and demilitarised

Elections held at local gov level

Rebuild peaceful life

Economy run as 1 unit – each occupying force takes reperations from their zone.

There own authority in their zone

Western zone more above then communist in industrial prod and economy.
DEMILITARISATION
German armed forces disbanded surrenderd may
Gov dissolved
Neither side cant have an army
1955 they had an army not too strong
2 states opposing ideologies under control of NATO – and WARSAW PACT ALLIANCES

POLITCS IN WESTERN ZONE OF OCCUPATION
To form a part u need a license and make sure its democratic – the british military gov issues this in SEPT 1945
CDU – Christian democratic union. – Christian conser views, views on social market economy.
FDP- free demo party – lib principles
Small parties = league of expelles, BHE
And far right group
Communist parties bad eg KPD
German party –DP = helped form coaltion CDU CSU FDP

DEMOCRASATION
APRIL walter Ulbricht german communist came to Germany for pol control.
Soviet military administration in Germany SMAD in june allowed to make parties in its zone.

KPD AND SPD =SED

LIBERAL DEMOCTATIC PART OF GERMANY (LDPD) . small lil parties.

CATHOLIC CENTRE PARTY
Conservative parties came together= CDU

SED announced their no democratic but a new type ‘marxist Leninist. 1948
SED want to gain overall control
Set up 2 new ones for pl who aernt committed to left wing working class – CDU / LDPD
NDPD designed to taget nazi party
DBD = democratic peasants party – for peasants
All parties brought under Anti Facsist bloc, OR National Front – fight Nazism.
Mass organisaitons were made under soviet zone for woman culture ,trade union.
DENAZIFICATION

Nuremberg war crimes = war justice
IN OCTOBER 1946 – NOV 45
Get rid of all nazi position in society

ECONOMIC RESTRUCTURING OR A FORM OF DENAZIFICATION IN SOVIETY UNION

Nazism was due to facism
Monopoly capitalism is at an end
1945- large estates land etc given to people homeless , refuees,labourers and state.
Kidnaped experts to reconstruct technical stuff take from german soil.

DIVERGING APPROACHES:
Brit intro rationing at homes
Harsh winter 1946-7 famine
Food money worthless .
TRIZONIA FORMED 1949.
Tensions btw sovets and west due to divisons differing.

WHY WAS GERMANY DIVIDED 1949?
Evil designs to spread communism
Cold war stirred due to US fear of communism
Us intervened in EU to influence them pol and eco.
Current thinkers say Stalin was open minded.

THE COLD WAR /MARSHALL PLAN/TRUMAN DOCTRINE
1946 - western allies soviets were seeking to expand sphere of influence
CHURCIL said ‘ iron curtain ‘ effect
Truman doc – us F/P fighting for freedom against communist influence.
US anti comm policy – basic level of material in countries exposed to it state it in a ballot box.
US scared americans whom upset fail to resist pressure to attraction of COM prop.
MARSHALL PLAN made for resconstruction of EU economy.
Announced june 1947  finical aid to EU for certain cond. SOVIETS FEFUSED.
Marrshall plan  package of eco aid to eu countries , respect convert currency eco .

UPRISING OF 17 HUNE 1953
March 1953 STALIN DIES
Conditions of the workers = same pay more working hours. = revirsale policy
Unexpected no media etc knew
People march protest strike june 1953
Against sov bloc and communism
Crushed by soviet tanks , arrested .
West didn’t intervene scared of international conflict
Soviet bloc bound with comecon economic group and military alliance of warsaw pact in intergration.
Respond to military of west building
People pol in barracks changed to NVA NATIONAL PEOPLE ARMY.

CURRENCY REFORM / BERLIN BLOCKAID

June 1948 – new deutcmark in west.
Sovets = east german mark
Soviet union cut of berlin
Blocked all transport to starve them so they given in to communism .
But allies droped off food etc to west.
May 1949 called it off – sov.
Hostility grew.

TO WHAT EXTEND IF COM TRANSFORM THE GDR?

Constitution 1949.
International recognition 1970’s
GDR had a parliament VOLKSKAMMER rep all pl
Upper house – landkammer
Rep 5 regions – lander
PRESEDENT WILHELM PIECK, head of state and priminister.
Head of gov OTOO GROTEWOHL
1960 WILHELM DIES
Replaced by COUNCIL OF STATE.
Pm took less role in SED.
COMMUNIST AND SED PARTY, ULBRICHT powerfullest.
SED POL hierchy = gen secretary + politburo at the top, central committee ZK.
Pl in parliament were not elected ; due to no seats party pre allocated= certainty of rep. and all bloc parties incr under control of SED.
SED NEW CONSTITUTION 1968 it was enshrined as leady party – multi parties pretence.
1952 LANDER replaced with LOCAL UNITS BEZIKE. Easy to control
1958 upper house taken off.
State in state = statsi , 1959 feb made acted as shield of party.
Backed up with armed forces people police in barracks
1956 NVA National peoples army.

HOW FAR AND IN WHAT WAYS WERE ECONOMY AND SOCIAL STRUCTURE CHANGED?