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Metabolic Diseases and Their Effect on Immune Function and
Resistance to Infectious Disease
Jesse P. Goff and Kayoko Kimura
Periparturient Diseases of Cattle Research Unit
National Animal Disease Center
USDA-Agricultural Research Service
Ames, IA
Introduction
The transition from pregnant, non-lactating to non-pregnant, lactating is too often a disastrous experience for the cow. Most of the metabolic diseases of dairy cows - milk fever, ketosis, retained placenta, and displacement of the abomasum - occur within the first 2 wk of lactation. In addition to metabolic disease, the majority of infectious disease experienced by the dairy cow, especially mastitis, but also diseases such as
Johne 's disease and Salmonellosis, become clinically apparent during the first 2 wk of lactation. This review will make two assumptions before reviewing studies correlating metabolic disease with changes in infectious disease resistance. One of those assumptions is that mammary gland infections are less likely in animals with a “strong” immune system and that periparturient immune suppression exists and predisposes cows to mastitis, and other infectious disease. This assumption helps explain why an animal that has harbored bacteria, within the udder or within the gut, for a long period without clinical disease suddenly breaks with the disease shortly after calving. The second assumption is that assays scientists have utilized to assess functional capacity and number of immune cells are reasonably accurate. The relative merit of the assays used in different labs will not be debated in this review. Excellent reviews are available which support these assumptions
(Sordillo, et al.,1997; Burvenich, et al., 1994; Kehrli and Shuster ,1994; Tyler et al.,
1993 ; Hogan et al., 1993 ; Senft and Neudecker, 1991). This review will examine the evidence that metabolic disease in cattle increases the susceptibility of the cow, particularly the periparturient cow, to

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