Neurotransmitters in the brain such as, Dopamine, Serotonin, acetylcholine, noradrenalin and glutamate send messages to control our mood, behaviour, appetite, sleep patterns and memory. These neurotransmitters are unable to reduplicate so when they are damaged they cannot be replaced.…
____________ is a member of xanthine family that is used in therapy for respiratory diseases such as Asthma.…
Neurons are electrically excitable cells found in the nervous system, which is mainly responsible in the transmission of information between the neurons and the cells. With the neurons, all body systems are able to communicate with the brain through sending and receiving signals and a connection within specific regions of the central nervous system is established. To be able to attain its function, neurotransmitters are needed by the neurons so that signals between a neuron and a cell are relayed, amplified and modulated. Neurotransmitters are chemicals released by a neuron at the presynaptic nerve terminal by which movement across a small gap called the synapse facilitates accomplishment of communication of information between the neurons and the other cells. These neurotransmitters have various functions, which include regulation, stimulation, motivation, transmissions and inhibitions of different body functions. Neurotransmitters play major roles in regulation of moods, emotion, affect, sensory functions, and perception thus has great impacts on behaviour. Common neurotransmitters that can affect the behaviour include dopamine, serotonin, and norepinephrine. Dopamine is released in different parts of the brain usually released by naturally rewarding factors such as food, sex, and drugs. It has stimulating effects and performs many functions including important roles in behaviour and cognition, motivation and pleasure, sexual arousal, regulation of sleep, mood, attention, motor activities, and learning. Serotonin also controls mood and behaviour including sexual and hallucinogenic behaviours, appetite, sleep, memory and learning.…
Men who changed the firearm world forever, will never be forgotten. We remember Samuel Colt and William B. Ruger as two men who were so passionate about a hobby that they made it their life. They both worked hard to reach their goals told by the following statements. Not many people can say that in their lifetime they were an inventor, manufacturer, and an entrepreneur. Samuel Colt is one of those who can, born on July 19, 1814 in Hartford, Connecticut he was destined to become a legend.…
There are many identified chemicals that are involved in the brain’s activity, however the following four are some of the most important relating to the process of memory and associated functions.…
Nicotine, a chemical substance derived from the tobacco plant, alters neurological function once consumed by the human body. Nicotine plays a large role in mimicking the neurotransmitter dopamine once inside of the brain and deals with memory, cognition, perception, and a wide variety of primary functions associated with the frontal lobe of the cerebral cortex (Livingstone et al., 2009). It provides a state of heightened neural activity due to more excitatory neurotransmitters present within synaptic clefts of neurons. This extra molecular presence within the synaptic gaps can lead to stabilizing and more homeostatic dopamine-like concentrations within the brain that could potentially lead to the alteration of cognitive deficits associated with neurological diseases linked to altered dopamine levels…
The human body contains chemical messengers. There are four groups of chemical messengers within the human body. Each chemical messenger are unique in their own way, having different functions throughout the body. The four groups are as follows in no specific order: Autocrine, paracrine, neurotransmitter, and endocrine.…
The concept of a single neuron discharging a single transmitter within the synaptic cleft clearly doesn’t relate to the dorsal horn. While exocytotic relief of separate peptide or amino acid transmitters may arise, trial data suggest that this infrequently happens under physiologic circumstances, and two or more compounds are regularly unconstrained any given time.…
An interesting new development is taking place in pharmacological research. Neuroscientists are picking up where they left off in 1971 and continuing their research on the psychotropic effects of psilocybin, many of which have therapeutic value. There are many ways in which psilocybin works, yet its main mechanism of action seems to be reducing activity in the amygdala via its effects on the serotonergic system. It is through this mechanism that psilocybin has the ability to improve affect, with its effects lasting months after the drug's administration. This reduces the need to take antidepressant drugs on a daily basis. However, in certain circumstances psilocybin can increase negative affect. This is due to psilocybin's ability to enhance pre-existing affect and is easily controllable in a supervised therapeutic setting. In most cases, in addition to improving…
It can also function as a memory “gateway” where new memories pass before entering permanent storage in the brain. Hippocampal damage can result in anterograde amnesia which is loss of the ability to form new memories, although the old memories are safe from loss. So someone who has an injury to the hippocampus may have good memories of there childhood and the years before the injury, but almost no memory of anything that has happened since. Some memories, like the memory for a new skill or habit, can sometimes be formed even without the hippocampus. A current research project is to determine exactly what kinds of learning and memory can survive hippocampal damage, and how these kinds of learning can be used to guide rehabilitation. The hippocampus is very sensitive to reductions in oxygen level in the body. So periods of oxygen deprivation which are not fatal may nonetheless result in damage to the hippocampus. This could happen during a heart attack, respiratory failure, sleep apnea, carbon monoxide poisoning, and near-drowning. Hippocampus is also a common focus in epilepsy, and can be damaged through chronic seizures. It also is sometimes damaged in diseases like herpes encephalitis, and is one of the first brain areas to show damage in Alzheimer’s disease…
The purpose of this study is to determine the efficacy of the drugs S3 and p-S3 on hippocampal…
The deactivation of GABA allows an uncontrolled production of dopamine from the nerve terminal. Dopamine and its receptors reside in the ventral tegmental area of the brain. The accumulation of dopamine binding to the dopamine receptors produces immediate effects of reward and pleasure (Katzung, 2001). The reward pathway has a large effect on addictions occurring, because it causes continuous stimulation of nerve cells, leading to intense euphoric…
This essay will discuss the phenomenon of neuroadaption within the human body, which may be associated with alcohol withdrawal. Along with this, it will also describe the clinical features from alcohol withdrawal, which can progress from the mild to very severe. The essay will also discuss the appropriate treatment interventions and actions, which might improve alcohol withdrawal. Neuroadaptation is described…
There is a tiny gap between two neurons known as the synapse. Neurotransmitters cross the synapse from one neuron to another and attach onto the receptors of the receiving neuron. Neurotransmitters and receptors have a lock and key relationship; therefore, only specific neurotransmitters will fit into a certain receptor. It is suggested that depression can be caused by a chemical imbalance in the brain such as an imbalance of the neurotransmitters serotonin and dopamine. They have been identified as playing a primary role regulating emotions, regulating appetite, ability to sleep and so…
SEROTONIN is an inhibitory neurotransmitter – which means that it does not stimulate the brain. Sufficient quantities of serotonin are necessary for a steady attitude and to balance any excessive excitatory (stimulating) neurotransmitter shots in the brain. If you use stimulating medications or caffeine in your daily course of therapy – it can cause a reduction of serotonin in excess of period. Serotonin also regulates many other processes such as carbohydrate cravings, sleep cycle, pain control and appropriate digestion. Low serotonin levels are also associated with decreased immune system…