Glycolysis, The Krebs Cycle, And The Electron Transport Chain
Glycolysis, the Krebs cycle (or citric acid cycle) and the Electron Transport Chain (ETC) are the three phases of cellular respiration used to completely catabolise glucose.
a) Glycolysis occurs in the cytosol (or cytoplasm), the Krebs cycle occurs within the Mitochondria (or mitochondrial matrix) and the Electron Transport Chain occurs on the Inner Mitochondrial Membrane (Cristae- fold).
b) Anaerobic respiration occurs when low amounts of oxygen (02) are present, releasing low amounts of energy. Aerobic respiration requires the presence of oxygen and releases high amounts of energy. Glycolysis is anaerobic; as it occurs whether or not oxygen is present. The Krebs cycle and Electron Transport Chain both occur in the Mitochondria and are both aerobic, as oxygen is required to release energy.
Part B:
Glycolysis is the anaerobic break down of glucose produced by carbohydrates in the body and is the primary step of any living respiratory system. Glycolysis initially begins with Glucose, a six-carbon sugar (C6) gaining entry into the cytosol via a GLUT-4 transporter. Within this process, two Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP) molecules, two reduced Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide (NADH) molecules and two molecules of pyruvate acid (C3) are generated. …show more content…
The Krebs cycle is a chain of chemical reactions that take place aerobically to release energy.
The Krebs cycle begins with the conversion of pyruvate acid into Acetyl-Coenzyme A (Acetyl CoA), which occurs when the two-pyruvate molecules (produced by Glycolysis) cross over the Mitochondrial membrane, generating two NADH molecules. The Acetyl CoA molecules are used in the first step of the Krebs cycle. The acetyl group then detaches from the co enzyme allowing specific individual enzymes to continue the cycle. The final product of the Krebs cycle will result in two ATP molecules, six NADH molecules, two reduced Flavin Adenine Dinucleotide (FADH2) molecules and the complete oxidisation of
glucose.
The final phase of cellular respiration is the Electron Transport Chain (ETC). Hydrogen (H+) ions produced in the Krebs cycle are carried by electron carriers from the inner Mitochondrial membrane to the outer membrane of the Mitochondria. The hydrogen ions go through a series of redox reactions resulting in a huge release of energy, producing and resynthesizing ATP molecules.
a) Glycolysis releases a net total of two ATP molecules anaerobically. During the Krebs cycle, 32.2 ATP molecules are released, resulting in a net total of 34.2 ATP molecules produced during cellular respiration.
b) Carbon dioxide (C02), water (H20) and lactic acid are waste products produced by the complete oxidation of glucose.
Part C:
The coenzymes NADH AND FADH2 in simple terms are electron carriers; their role is to transport electrons through ETC. NADH is a product of Glycolysis and the Krebs cycle whereas FADH2 is produced only in the Krebs cycle. They both can transport a total of two electrons at a time to another molecule. During ETC, NAHD will transport a hydrogen ion (H+) across the mitochondrial membrane forming NAD+. The same process occurs with FADH2 forming FAD+. The released hydrogen ions are the reason that Adenosine Diphosphate (ADP) molecules are produced into ATP molecules (oxidative phosphorylation), providing energy to all cellular processes.
a) Glycolysis occurs in the cytosol (or cytoplasm), the Krebs cycle occurs within the Mitochondria (or mitochondrial matrix) and the Electron Transport Chain occurs on the Inner Mitochondrial Membrane (Cristae- fold).
b) Anaerobic respiration occurs when low amounts of oxygen (02) are present, releasing low amounts of energy. Aerobic respiration requires the presence of oxygen and releases high amounts of energy. Glycolysis is anaerobic; as it occurs whether or not oxygen is present. The Krebs cycle and Electron Transport Chain both occur in the Mitochondria and are both aerobic, as oxygen is required to release energy.
Part B:
Glycolysis is the anaerobic break down of glucose produced by carbohydrates in the body and is the primary step of any living respiratory system. Glycolysis initially begins with Glucose, a six-carbon sugar (C6) gaining entry into the cytosol via a GLUT-4 transporter. Within this process, two Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP) molecules, two reduced Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide (NADH) molecules and two molecules of pyruvate acid (C3) are generated. …show more content…
The Krebs cycle is a chain of chemical reactions that take place aerobically to release energy.
The Krebs cycle begins with the conversion of pyruvate acid into Acetyl-Coenzyme A (Acetyl CoA), which occurs when the two-pyruvate molecules (produced by Glycolysis) cross over the Mitochondrial membrane, generating two NADH molecules. The Acetyl CoA molecules are used in the first step of the Krebs cycle. The acetyl group then detaches from the co enzyme allowing specific individual enzymes to continue the cycle. The final product of the Krebs cycle will result in two ATP molecules, six NADH molecules, two reduced Flavin Adenine Dinucleotide (FADH2) molecules and the complete oxidisation of
glucose.
The final phase of cellular respiration is the Electron Transport Chain (ETC). Hydrogen (H+) ions produced in the Krebs cycle are carried by electron carriers from the inner Mitochondrial membrane to the outer membrane of the Mitochondria. The hydrogen ions go through a series of redox reactions resulting in a huge release of energy, producing and resynthesizing ATP molecules.
a) Glycolysis releases a net total of two ATP molecules anaerobically. During the Krebs cycle, 32.2 ATP molecules are released, resulting in a net total of 34.2 ATP molecules produced during cellular respiration.
b) Carbon dioxide (C02), water (H20) and lactic acid are waste products produced by the complete oxidation of glucose.
Part C:
The coenzymes NADH AND FADH2 in simple terms are electron carriers; their role is to transport electrons through ETC. NADH is a product of Glycolysis and the Krebs cycle whereas FADH2 is produced only in the Krebs cycle. They both can transport a total of two electrons at a time to another molecule. During ETC, NAHD will transport a hydrogen ion (H+) across the mitochondrial membrane forming NAD+. The same process occurs with FADH2 forming FAD+. The released hydrogen ions are the reason that Adenosine Diphosphate (ADP) molecules are produced into ATP molecules (oxidative phosphorylation), providing energy to all cellular processes.