Glycolytic Oscillation Lab Report

In the next step in aerobic respiration, each pyruvate, as produced by glycolysis in the cytosol, is normally converted to acetyl-CoA by pyruvate dehydrogenase in the mitochondria. During this process, electrons are transferred to NAD+, producing NADH, and a carbon is lost in the form of CO2 as a product. Acetyl-CoA then goes through another series of reactions in the TCA cycle, all of which also occurs in the mitochondria, to generate ATP and NADH through the complete oxidation of the molecule (generating water and CO2). In summary, a net-gain of 8 NADH, 2 FADH2, 2 ATP and 6 CO2 are produced for each glucose molecule converted to pyruvate that enters the mitochondria.
Glycolytic oscillations
Oscillation is a phenomenon that regularly occurs
Macromolecular crowding is an environment that is saturated with large molecules, such as proteins and nucleic acid. Increased concentrations of macromolecules can cause non-specific repulsions, or become obstacles for other molecules (Nakano, et al., 2014). Interactions, such as these, are likely to vary between different strains and/or conditions. Small-molecular crowding, in contrast to large molecules, result in greater concentrations of small molecules. Instead of as obstacles, these small molecules change the properties of the solvent in the environment. On such occasions, where the small molecules would occupy more of the cytosolic volume, the spaces between each molecule (the volume per molecule) would become relatively smaller as the crowding increases. Since water is needed for the hydration of such molecules, the activity of water might also change accordingly, as an increase in viscosity would simultaneously also increase the osmotic pressure of the environment. The molecular crowding can change from species to species, up to 300-400 g/l for E. coli cells and down to 1-10 g/l in some other common species (Ellis, 2001). Per Ellis, 2001, an increase in crowding will both decrease molecular diffusion and increase their thermodynamic activities inside the cell. A
cerevisiae only contain two genes for α-tubulin, termed tub1 and tub3, and one for β-tubulin, termed tub2. These heterodimer proteins, which polymerize to form microtubules in most cells, have, unlike actin, been observed as structures that are involved in cell division by chromosomal and nuclear movement (Schatz, et al., 1986). The mitotic and meiotic spindle found inside the cell, during division, have been found to be composed of these microtubules, and these spindles are presumably involved with the chromosomal separation and nuclear elongation. The composition of the spindles also seems to be dependent on tubulin for its structure, as a mutant in either of the tub genes affect its