Grade 12 Psychology Review Paper

Grade 12 Sociology Exam Review

People

Sigmund Frued – the founder of psychoanalytic theory; believed that our early childhood experiences, usually involving our relationships with parents and family, are stored in our unconscious mind

Phillip Zimbardo – an American psychologist and a professor emeritus at Stanford University; college students chosen to be prisoners or guard in a mock prison; 2 week planned study ended after only 6 days from emotional trauma experienced by participants ; “guards” became sadistic and “prisoners” became depressed and passive.

Elvis Presley – United States rock singer who’s many hit records and flamboyant style greatly influenced American popular music

BF Skinner – an American behavioural psychologist
who conducted learning experiments on a variety of creatures, especially rats and pigeons; believed that the results of these experiments allowed him to develop the theory of operant conditioning, which, according to his theory, learning can be programmed by whatever consequence follows a particular behavior

Erik Erickson – psychologist who believed that humans have to resolve different conflicts as they progress through each stage of development in the life cycle

Jean Jacques Rousseau – believed that the natural goodness of man was warped by society

Carl Jung – felt that the sexual component was only one among many important factors in human personality development; believed that humans possess four major psychological functions: sensation, intuition, thinking, and feeling

Ivan Pavlov – studied the digestion of dogs and discovered that they associate sounds with food coming

Benjamin Spock – believed in behaviourism but viewed it from a different perspective; believed that a permissive approach to child rearing, rather than a strict one, would result in successful, well-adjusted adults

Albert Bandura – showed that learning is more complicated than a mere stimulus-response effect

Charles Darwin – English natural scientist who formulated a theory of evolution by natural selection

William Ogburn – examined the behavior of society and summarized his conclusions in his theory of cultural lag, which states that the acceptance of a new technology follows a three-phase process of invention, discovery and diffusion

Thomas Hobbes – English materialist and political philosopher who advocated absolute sovereignty as the only kind of government that could resolve problems caused by the selfishness of human beings

Stanley Milgram – psychologist who designed an experiment to gauge people’s reactions when the normal social rules for lineups and subway ridership are broken

Jean Piaget – psychologist remembered for his studies of cognitive development in children

Karl Marx – proposed that economic power, which leads to political power, is the key to understanding societies

FD Roosevelt – 32nd President of the United States and a central figure in world events during the mid-20th century, leading the United States during a time of worldwide economic crisis and world war

Otzi – nickname of a well preserved natural mummy of a man from 3300 B.C. found in 1991 in a glacier; by examining his entire body they could discover almost everything about him

John Locke – English empiricist philosopher who believed that all knowledge is derived from sensory experience

John Dewey – United States pragmatic philosopher who advocated progressive education

John M Keynes – was a British economist whose ideas have profoundly affected the theory and practice of modern macroeconomics, as well as the economic policies of governments

Abraham Maslow – American psychologist best known for his analysis of human needs; organized them into a hierarchy; these human needs, which we all try to satisfy, range from basic survival needs (food, clothing, and shelter), through the need for security, love, and esteem

Thomas Malthus – an English economist who argued that increases in population would outgrow increases in the means of subsistence

Concepts
Multiple Intelligences – verbal/linguistic, logical/mathematical, visual/spatial, interpersonal, intrapersonal, bodily/kinesthetic, musical, naturalist
Technosis – an overblown attachment to or dependency on technology
Six-Pocket Phenomenon – a term used by marketing people in reference to Generation Y, a demographic group receiving spending money from two working parents and four grandparents
Demography – the study of human populations
Echo Boom – the demographic phase in which a population increase is created as people born during the post-World War II baby boom have their own children
Twentysomethings – a term referring to the relatively small group of people born between 1966 and 1979, during the so-called baby bust
Materialism – the belief that technological and economic factors are the most important ones in moulding a society
Net Migration – in demography, the rate at which a country’s population is increasing or decreasing when four factors are considered: bitch rate, death rate, immigration, and emigration
War Bride – a term for the European wives of Canadian soldiers who came to Canada with their husbands after World War II
Birth Rate – the average number of births per thousand people (both sexes, all ages) in a country during a particular year
Cohort – the term which refers to a population age group, such as children less than five years old
Infant Mortality Rate – the average number of infants less than one year of age, who die for each 1000 children born
Space Race – the competition between nations regarding achievements in the field of space exploration
Child Centered – designed to promote a child's personal qualities rather than to provide training or information
Political Activism – movements for political change that focus on public activities such as marches, demonstrations, “media events”, and petitions
Life Expectancy – the average number of years which a person can expect to live; it is calculated separately for males and females, and is a strong indicator of living standards in a country or among a group of people
Future Shock – disorientation brought on by technological advancement, creating a sense that the future has arrived prematurely
Domestication – the taming of plants and animals in order to control their availability for human use
Determinism – the doctrine that all events, including human action, are ultimately determined by causes external to the will
Acculturation – prolonged contact between two cultures, during which time they interchange symbols, beliefs, and customs
Cultural Lag – the view that, while some members of society adapt to technological innovation, others lag behind the new discovery
Cognitive Dissonance – the theory that people try to avoid conflicts between what they think and what they do
Paradigm Shift – a fundamental change in approach or underlying assumptions
Conformity – behavior in accordance with socially accepted conventions or standards
Dependency Ratio – explains the lack of economic development in many developing countries as stemming directly from the treatment they received under colonialism
Assimilation – the social process of absorbing one cultural group into harmony with another
Discrimination – inequitable treatment of people based on their race, gender, nationality, language, faith, or sexual orientation
Generation X – a term used for people born between 1946 and 1966, during the post-World War II baby boom
Baby Bust – the period of declining birth rates between 1966-1979, immediately after the post-World War II baby boom
Natural Increase – in demography, a positive population balance where a country’s death rate exceeds its birth rate
Youthquake – a media term used during the late 1960s and early 1970s to describe the culture of protest which emerged among adolescent and young adult baby boomers
Immigration – the migration of people from one country to another, with the intention of taking up permanent residence
Suburbia – new residential areas built beyond the existing build-up area of the city
Nuclear Family – a family group consisting only of a mother and father living with their children
Styles of Education –
Counterculture – a large group of people in society who express values and behaviours that conflict with society’s norms
Just Society – the term used by Prime Minister Pierre Trudeau in the 1970s to refer to a Canadian society in which individual freedoms are very important
Pension Funds – a type of group savings plan by which people save money to draw out almost like a pay cheque after they retire
Pecuniary Emulation – clearly demonstrating one’s monetary worth
Luddite – member of society who vehemently opposes new technology and does everything he/she can to halt its process
Nomadic – moving from region to region
Sources of Cultural Change – invention (new products, ideas, and social patterns that affect the way people live, ex. The Internet), discovery (finding something that was previously unknown to a culture, diffusions (the spreading of ideas, methods, and tools from one culture to another)
Diffusion – the spreading of ideas, methods, and tools from one culture to another
Anomie – Durkhiem’s term to describe the condition of the industrial workers who seemed to be without any roots or norms as they struggled daily to survive
Cognitive Consistency – the desire to avoid attitudes that conflict with each other, which generally results in the ability to live more satisfying lives
Mass Culture – when a large proportion of population participates in cultural activities
Conspicuous Consumption – publicity demonstrating excessive wealth by purchasing luxury items
Oligarchy – a small group of people having control of a country, organization, or institution
Xenophobia – intense or irrational dislike or fear of people from other countries
Baby Boom – a demographic phase marked by an increase in the birth rate of a country, and a corresponding population increase
Generation Z – a term used for children born after the mid-1990s, some of them the off-spring of so-called Twentysomethings demographic group
Sexual Revolution – a time during the late 1960s and early 1970s when sexual behavior and morals in North America and Europe changed dramatically
Natural Decrease – in demography, a negative population balance where a country’s death rate exceeds its birth rate
Youth Violence – violence involving young persons, typically children, adolescents, and young adults between the ages of 10 and 24; the young person can be the victim, the perpetrator, or both. Youth violence includes aggressive behaviors such as verbal abuse, bullying, hitting, slapping, or fist fighting
RSP – Retail Service Provider; they are 'market making' institutions, which means they quote prices at which they will buy and sell a given quantity of shares in an individual company
RRSP – Registered Retirement Savings Plan
Population Pyramid – a type of multiple bar graph used to show the proportions of males and females of different ages in the population of a country
Settlement Patterns – the distinctive way that roads, paths, buildings and open space are laid out in a particular place
Sputnik – each of a series of Soviet artificial satellites, the first of which was the first satellite to be placed in orbit
National Debt – money borrowed by a country to finance government spending; the debt to be repaid includes the accumulated interest on these loans
Teenagers – a person aged from 13 to 19 years
Inflation / Recession – a general increase in prices and fall in the purchasing value of money / a period of temporary economic decline during which trade and industrial activity are reduced, generally identified by a fall in GDP in two successive quarters
Dependency Load – a measure of the proportion of the national population that is not actively employed; frequently, this includes children, youth, and seniors
Industrial Revolution – the rapid development of industry that occurred in Britain in the late 18th and 19th centuries, brought about by the introduction of machinery. It was characterized by the use of steam power, the growth of factories, and the mass production of manufactured goods
Flood Irrigation – diverting rivers so that water flows through an artificial ditch onto farmers’ fields
Reductionism – the belief that a single factor causes social change
Incorporation – acculturation through free borrowing of ideas and symbols from one culture to another
Apartheid – a policy or system of segregation or discrimination on grounds of race
Wage Gap – in the context of economic inequality, gender gap generally refers to the differences in the wages of men and women; there is a debate to what extent this is the result of gender differences, lifestyle choices (e.g., number of hours worked), or because of discrimination
Short Answer
1. List three ways in which demographic studies are useful to society.
Demographers provide many useful services for a nation and lots of useful data for anthropologists and sociologists. Demographers project population growth into the future. Governments use demographic forecasts to plan ahead. Anthropologists use demographic information to study the reasons for changing patterns in population growth within countries and within specific groups. It helps society plan ahead to what is needed to be built, established, etc. (ex: elementary school, retirement homes, daycares), what job fields need to be filled determining what students are pushed to learn, and how taxes are divided to where they are needed to go.

2. Give three reasons why marriage rates were so high in the 1940s.
Marriage rates were so high in the 1940s because of World War II. Many people anticipated dying during the war so they got married before the war. After the war, even more people got married because they postponed getting married until the war was done, but were ready to move on with their lives and start their families. Also, many people postponed getting married and having children during the Great Depression simply because they couldn’t afford it, so once war and the recession were over marriage rates sky rocketed. Also, 1 in 5 Canadian bachelors’ who served overseas came home with a European war bride, almost 50 000 women and their children followed servicemen back to Canada, and veterans returned to rekindle their relationships that had been put on hold.

3. What is meant by systemic racism?
Systemic racism is discrimination based on a sense of racial superiority is part of the philosophy and practices of a company, institution, or a whole society.

4. Discuss Enculturation.
Enculturation is when members of a culture learn and internalize shared ideas, values and beliefs; learning to be a member of your own society. Examples of this are family, friends, school, the media, and the culture itself.

5. What is conformity? How does conformity slow or accelerate change?
Conformity is accepting group normal and following their values. Conformity generally has a tendency to discourage social change. The desire to conform can act like inertia – people tend to do the same thing the same way year after year, and resist the temptation too do things differently.

6. What was counterculture? What were the characteristics of this movement?
Counterculture is a large group of people in society who express values and behaviours that conflict with society’s norms. Counterculture can also be described as a group whose behavior deviates from the societal norm. Sexual promiscuity and the use of illegal drugs certainly did increase, but it would be wrong to directly link more than a minority of young Canadians with this lifestyle.

7. What are initiation rights? What role do these rites play?
Initiation rights are ritual events that mark a person's progress from one status to another. It is a universal phenomenon which can show anthropologists what social hierarchies, values and beliefs are important in specific cultures. The stages of initiation rituals are symbolic death and re-birth; isolation of the initiate; physical changes; cleansing, test of endurance, bravery, or competence; teaching and learning; and community and sharing of foods. The ceremonies help to ensure that the group will survive as its traditions are passed on. Also, as initiates usually go through the same rituals their parents and grandparents did at the same age, a link is formed with the past and between family and community.

8. List four of the demographic eras studied and their dates.
Baby Boom – a demographic phase marked by an increase in the birth rate of a country, and a corresponding population increase; the years 1946-1964
Echo Boom – the demographic phase in which a population increase is created as people born during the post-World War II baby boom have their own children; the years 1981-1995
Twentysomethings – a term referring to the relatively small group of people born between 1966 and 1979, during the so-called baby bust
Generation Z – a term used for children born after the mid-1990s, some of them off-spring of so-called Twentysomethings demographic group

9. Discuss, with examples, how a charismatic leader could influence their society.
The sociologist Max Weber identified one of the most important components of social change: the emergence of a leader with charisma. According to Weber, such a leader is characterized by large vision, magnetic style, and strong popular support, and has aspects of extraordinary, superhuman, and supernatural character. A charismatic leader could influence society by placing great demands on his or her followers, promising them rewards for their support, and maintaining a distance between the leader and the led. For example: Mao Zedong was the leader of the Chinese communist revolution. He demanded that party members follow the difficult path of communism, giving up ownership of personal goods and businesses to the state.

10. Describe the philosophies of Spock and Dewey. Give criticisms and supporting evidence for each. Benjamin Spock believed in behaviourism but viewed it from a different perspective. He believed that a permissive approach to child rearing, rather than a strict one, would result in successful, well-adjusted adults. The underlying theory was correct in that child-rearing methods would result in well=adjusted adults, although his regime was too permissive. Additionally, Spock largely ignored the influence of heredity in human development and on the type of adult that emerges from childhood. John Dewey’s philosophy is a more child-centered form of education, based upon the assumption that students are eager to learn material presented in an interesting way. Some criticism are that views were more confusing than clarifying, and they appeared to be more akin to idealism than the scientifically based naturalism Dewey expressly declared. Supporting Evidence is that it is a genuine attempt to apply the principles of an empirical naturalism to the perennial questions of philosophy, providing a beneficial clarification of issues and the concepts used to address them.
11. Why were marriage rates different after WW2? How did this affect demography?
After WW2, many men came back with a European war bride and, in many cases, with children as well. Marriage rates in Canada in 1946 almost doubled those of the pre-war era. Marriage was considered the norm, and marriage and family offered the best route to respectability and contentment. This affected demography because the population increased dramatically, as many newlyweds were having children.

12. Explain how both immigration and societal values accelerated the baby boom. Immigration accelerated the baby boom by: There was rising tide in immigration to Canada, most from Europe. To begin a life one had to cross the ocean into a foreign country which was more appealing to young people. As well opportunities for young people in Europe were scarce. There was promise of work, land and a chance to build a life in Canada. As well at the time sex outside of marriage was not socially condemned so it was a moral necessity to get married. Marriage also confirmed one’s sexual identity and society saw the failure to marry as a confirmation of your homosexuality.
13. How did the spread of suburbia affect society?
The spread of suburbia affected society because entire neighbourhoods were constructed quickly.
Since the suburbs contained so many young families, certain social patterns usually developed within them. After their work was done, women often met at one another’s homes while their kids were at school and husbands at work. Some evenings there were adult card parties or bowling, and on weekends there were organized sports for kids (ex: Brownies & Girl Guides, Cubs & Scouts). Each weekend, 60% of Canadians attended religious services.

14. Discuss the behavior modification and the 2 main theories of Pavlov and Skinnier.
Behaviour modification is changing someone’s behaviour through punishment or reward. Pavlov’s theory of classical conditioning is a type of learning in which a stimulus acquires the capacity to evoke a response that was originally evoked by another stimulus. Skinner’s theory of operant conditioning is the use of consequences to modify the occurrence and form of behaviour.

15. How did the sexual revolution contribute to the collapse of the baby
boom?
The sexual revolution contributed to the collapse of the baby boom because the birth control pill was invented and was very popular. Women were having fewer children than married women had had 10 years earlier. Media was important in spreading 1960’s counterculture because it allowed a message to be broadcasted to millions of people and it changed how people viewed things.

16. What is the progressive Learning Approach? List several benefits and criticisms.
The progressive learning approach is based on the principle that learning occurs gradually through discovery and experience and it is a child-centered approach to education. It also emphasizes experimentation and active learning rather than lecture and memorization that are found in more traditional educational environments.
Benefits:
-create a learning environment that would increase the number of highly-effective
-teachers working individually with students
-provide teachers with more time for planning and preparation
-engage students through an effective and motivational learning system
-Such an environment would help special education students increase their levels of academic achievement, motivation, and self-esteem. It would also increase teacher support and effectiveness, significantly reducing stress factors and attrition
Criticisms:
-failed to transfer learned skills
-replaced a challenging liberal arts curriculum with ever-lower standards and indoctrination, particularly in inner-city schools, thereby preventing vast numbers of students from achieving their full potential

17.
How are the concepts “dependency load” and “dependency ratio” similar? How do they differ?
The dependency load is a measure of the proportion of the national population that is not actively employed. Frequently this includes children, youth, and seniors. The dependency ratio is a numerical comparison that identifies the average number of dependents in a country for every one hundred adults of working age. They are similar because they both calculate the number of working adults within a country. They are different because the dependency load measures how even the population is according to people of working age, and the dependency ratio compares the number of working adults to the number of non working adults per 100 people.

18. How can multi-national corporations influence trade and foreign policy of
nations?
Multi-national corporations can influence trade in many ways. When they move into a country they can easily demand many things from the government. According to the globalization theory, Western transnational corporations have gained control of global trade and development, and continue to grow in influence. Because these corporations are generally owned by shareholders in the West, profits tend to flow from developing countries to developed countries. As a direct result of this situation, wealth is concentrated in the West, and living standards for most of the world’s population are desperately low. They also give low wages, poor working conditions, and pay low taxes to the government. Also, they lobby their governments to aggressively support commands that are favourable to them, tacitly supporting military interventions, and they are pushing for economic policies that are heavily weighted in their favour. It was bad for developing countries because the majority of that wealth went to the industrialized nations but the colonies remained fairly poor.

19. How was traditional colonialism good or bad for developing or “backward” countries?
Traditional colonialism is the policy or practice of acquiring full or partial political control over another country, occupying it with settlers, and exploiting it economically. Dependency theorists argue that colonialism actually leads to the net transfer of wealth from the colonized to the colonizer, and inhibits successful economic development. Critics of colonialism argue that colonialism does political, psychological, and moral damage to the colonized as well. It is bad because the mother country takes all the natural resources and than leaves, and it also does not benefit the developing nation, only the developed nation.

20. What are cash crops? How do mega-farms affect traditional farmers and societies?
Cash crop is a crop produced for its commercial value rather than for use by the grower. Mega-farms affect traditional farmers and societies because they take up huge amounts of land and do not leave enough for the traditional farmers. Also, because they mass produce their crops, they can sell them for less and make more money in the long run. This means that people will go to them when buying crops instead of going to traditional farmers. Also, they make traditional farmers obsolete, and changes how people value farms and where food comes from.

21. Explain how globalization is tending to homogenize cultures. What is the value to preserving independent cultures?
Globalization describes the process by which regional economies, societies, and cultures have become integrated through a global network of political ideas through communication, transportation, and trade. Globalization is the name given for the interdependency and the increase in connection that the world markets and economies have on each other. The people of the world join to become a single global community or society and function together through trade, migration, investment and technology. In the last 20-25 years the process has accelerated at an incredible rate as advances in technology have made it much easier for people to travel, communicate and to conduct business all around the world. Telecommunication advancements which mean people can communicate more easily over longer distances and the phenomenal rise of the internet as well as improvements in transportation are three main advancements which have speeded up globalization. It also involves the growth of multi-national corporations as well as the linking of governments, individuals, and businesses.

22. Discuss whether the IMF and World Bank have been good for the world or bad? (Potential essay)
The IMF and World Bank have been good for the world, but have also been bad for it. They have been good for the world because systems such government welfare is giving poor people money so that they can afford the costs of every day living in society.
PROS: These programs benefit the poor, elderly, disabled, unemployed and others. Proponents contend that programs ranging from Social Security and Medicare to unemployment compensation and public housing provide assistance to those facing temporary hardship or who are unable to provide for themselves.
Political scientist Thomas R. Dye, author of "Politics in America," writes that most Americans believe that government should aid those who are unable to take care of themselves. He further writes that some social welfare programs, such as Social Security and Medicare, are social insurance programs to which the recipients have contributed over time. Contributions to these federal programs for the elderly are deducted from workers' paychecks. If people make required contributions to a program, they are entitled to its benefits.
Advocates of public welfare programs argue that they do not create dependency, but provide a social safety net for people facing temporary hardships. The Urban Institute argues that social welfare programs provide assistance for people before they fall into poverty and provide a system of support for people to get back on their feet. With the economic problems resulting from the housing collapse and financial crunch of 2007 and 2008, including rising unemployment and foreclosure rates, these programs may be more necessary than ever to keep more families out of poverty, the institute states.
CONS: While Americans generally favor government aid to society's most vulnerable populations, Dye writes, they also worry that welfare programs foster dependency and a sense of entitlement among the people who receive them. They may stereotype recipients of public assistance as lazy and immoral. Social scientist Charles Murray, in the book "Losing Ground," examined American social welfare policy and concluded that the programs encourage out-of-wedlock births, remove incentives for people to find jobs and create a population dependent on government assistance.
A major criticism of social welfare programs points to their cost. The Heritage Foundation, a conservative think-tank in Washington, D.C., and a major critic of welfare programs, contends that welfare spending is growing at a rate that could drive the U.S. into bankruptcy. Heritage analysts write in 2010 that the U.S. government has spent more than $16 trillion since 1964, when then-President Lyndon Johnson launched his "war on poverty" initiative and that the programs have failed to end poverty. Heritage advocates rolling back welfare spending and requiring recipients to work as a condition of receiving assistance.

23. What are the differences between the meaning of discrimination and prejudice?
Discrimination is inequitable treatment of people based on their race, gender, nationality, language, faith, or sexual orientation. Prejudice is a set of opinions, attitudes, and feelings that unfairly cast a group and its members in a negative light without legitimate reasons.

24. How can stereotypes be harmful?
Stereotypes can be harmful because they are a narrow minded way of jumping to conclusions. They are a way of classifying certain people into one general group and many times people are not who you think they are, just because of how they look or act. For example, we can categorize individuals as “babes”, “gays”, “jocks” or “nerds”, and then make judgments about them as members of these groups.

25. What is meant by systemic racism? How does it occur in Canada? Systemic discrimination describes a system that favours one group or some groups over other in terms of hiring, benefits, promotions, and pay increases. In Canada, this occurs a lot with foreigners. Many people from Asia come to Canada, and end up working for extremely low wages in convenience stores, without any benefits whatsoever that come with their job.

26. How can the standardized IQ test be biased? What implication might this have?
Standard IQ tests can be biased because minority and economically disadvantaged students tend to score lower than other students and, consequently, are often underrepresented in gifted and talented programs. Some critics charge that the current, widely used, IQ tests are not guided by a plausible theory of how the brain actually operates and do not accurately measure more contemporary ideas of what "intelligence" actually is. Indeed, some feel that an expanded view of intelligence should guide the testing process. Also, they are mostly based on white history and most things taught at better schools, and they create a gap between people who can afford private schools and public schools. Some implications of this can be, a lack of diversity in higher education, gaps between high paid people and low paid people as well as lack of confidence in people.

27. What is anti-Semitism? Give an extreme example of institutionalized anti-Semitism.
Anti-Semitism is particular forms of individual or systemic discrimination directed against Jews. An extreme example of institutionalized anti-Semitism would be the Holocaust, and Adolf Hitler’s hate against the Jews. He convinced many Germans and people of other countries to join his cult (The Nazis) to hate against the Jews.

28. What is the self-fulfilling prophecy? How can race and child development become a self-fulfilling prophecy?
The self-fulfilling prophecy is a prediction that directly or indirectly causes it to become true. Race and child development can become a self fulfilling prophecy because a child can see that they might be the only ethnically different child and not do well in school and then forever feel that because they are different they will not be able to succeed so give up on school entirely.
29. What is assimilation? How can the dominant culture control the subordinate culture?
Assimilation is the merging of cultural traits from previously distinct cultural groups, not involving biological amalgamation. A dominant culture can control a subordinate culture by by telling them what is right and wrong, and taking control of their traditions and making them transition into their own society.

30. Why is hatred and sectarianism so destructive to society?
Hatred and sectarianism is so destructive to society because it makes people hate other religion and it can cause divisions between groups of people.
31. Discuss why the UN’s Universal Declaration of Human Rights is important?
The UN’s Universal Declaration of Human Rights is important because it shows everyone is equal and that one cannot treat others differently, it shows how everyone should be treated, and it keeps people from being treated horribly.

32. Describe the Canadian, Multicultural, identity. I.e. What is a Canadian?
Multiculturalism is a policy developed by the government of Canada, which encourages people to preserve their ancestral cultures while living under Canada laws and institutions.

33. Discuss the Iranian Revolution of 1979 in terms of charismatic leaser like Ayatolah Khomeini. What were some of the social conditions that allowed this to happen?
The Iranian Revolution refers to events involving the overthrow of Iran's monarchy (Pahlavi dynasty) under Shah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi and its replacement with an Islamic republic under Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini, the leader of the revolution. Some social conditions that allowed this to happen are unhappiness with society, outside influences, and traditions becoming old fashioned.

34. Discuss Keynesian Economic Theory and how it helped countries in getting out of the Great Depression.
The Keynesian Economic Theory was created by John Maynard Keynes who was a British economist.
This philosophy believed that the government should spend more money to make money. Also, that the government should interfere with business (new deal), that people should stick to the status quo (laissez faire) and that they should “Prime the Pump”.
35. Discuss how the Industrial Revolution led to major social change.
The Industrial Revolution led to major social changes by leading to the middle class, and huge advancements in technology.

36. Describe the Milgram Experiment and discuss the results as it pertains to conformity.
Milgram preformed a series of experiments which measured the willingness of study participants to follow an authority figure to preform wrong actions on a complete stranger. Conformity is accepting group norms and following their values. We live in a society where we want to fit in, and we have the human desire to accept information that another person tells us is valid.

37. What is technology? How does the level of technology in a society contribute to the wealth of the society?
Technology is the creation of tools or objects that extend both out natural abilities, and later our social environment. The level of technology contributes to the societies overall wealth by the view that the more technology the easier ones’ life is, and the view that the more wealth one has the more they can spend on new technology and enhancing the technology they already have.

38. What is technological determinism? How do these quotes by Marshall McLuhan express those ideas? Technological determinism is the view that social change is initiated by technology and not necessarily the individual. The quote “We shape our tools and our tools shape us” means what we make affects us and what tools we have also affect us. “The medium is the message” means that the form of a medium embeds itself in the message, creating a symbiotic relationship by which the medium influences how the message is perceived.

39. Name the 6 types of societies studied with respect to land use and resource exploration. Identify special abilities and challenges faced by those societies.
The 6 types of societies studied are:
a) Hunter/Gatherer-nomadic, family units/ extended family
b) Horticultural-domestication, slash and burn
c) Agricultural-2 major inventions: flood irrigation/ draft plough, permanent settlements, patriarchy
d) Pastoral-domestication of animals, selective breeding, fences: ownership of the land
e) Industrial-industrial revolution, steam engine invented, cities became more populated
f) Post Industrial-information age, tertiary industry: 2 revolutions mass culture/communications

40. What changes did the introduction of the printing press cause?
Some changes the printing press caused were it allowed information to be passed faster and further, allowed the church to become unified, and it allowed the church to print indulgences, which lead to corruption.

41. List and discuss the Phases of William Ogburn’s theory of Culture Lag and how society either accepts or rejects technology.
Cultural Lag is the view that, while some members of society adapt to technological innovation, others lag behind in the new discovery. The phases are:
a) Diffusion - the spreading of something more widely; the dissemination of elements of culture to another region or people.
b) Invention - the action of inventing something, typically a process or device
c) Discovery - the action or process of discovering or being discovered

42. Discuss the evolution of mass culture and the impact on society.
The evolution of mass culture has impacted society by mass culture, which is when a large proportion of the population participates in cultural activities. Also, it helps develop the cultural norms.

43. Why would the King of Bhutan want to restrict the availability of commercial TV?
The King of Bhutan would want to restrict the availability of commercial TV to keep traditions in society and to keep traditional values and morals the norm.

44. Explain the proliferation of satellite dishes in Bhutan and effects on their society.
The proliferation of satellite dishes in Bhutan are to keep in touch with the outside world, and to get information. Their effects on society are that cultural norms are changing, society is becoming more westernized, and lack of traditions.

45. State your opinion about GM foods and give supporting evidence to support that position. (review opinion essay)
Pro - produce enough food for everyone
Con - health factors, environment factors

46. Discuss Canada’s social safety net. How does this system operate?
Canada’s social safety net is used to help people stay out of poverty. This system operates on taxes paid to the government. It is a non-contributory transfer programs seeking to prevent the poor or those vulnerable to shocks and poverty from falling below a certain poverty level. Safety net programs can be provided by the public sector (the state and aid donors) or by the private sector. Safety net transfers include, cash transfers; food-based programs such as supplementary feeding programs and food stamps, vouchers, and coupons; in-kind transfers such as school supplies and uniforms; conditional cash transfers; price subsidies for food, electricity, or public transport; public works; fee waivers; schooling and utilities. On average, spending on safety nets accounts for 1 to 2 percent of GDP across developing and transition countries, though sometimes much less or much more. In the last decade, a visible growing expertise in various areas of safety nets has taken place. However, even though an increasing number of safety net programs are extremely well thought out, correctly implemented, and demonstrably effective, many others face – and create – serious challenges.

47. Poverty is the shame of the new world. Discuss.
Poverty is the shame of the new world because we have such a high standard of living that there should be no need to have poverty, and because of technology and economy.

48. Discuss how technology has contributed to social change.
Technology has contributed to social change be changing how people do things, and changing how people look at things.

49. Discuss the impact that the baby boom generation has had on society.
The baby booms generation has impacted society by increasing population and economy, and the fact that it will make the dependency load increase significantly in the next few years.