Grammatical Number and Person

8 l SUFFIXES l l l The Suffixes are letters added to the end of words to make new words. (The suffixes change the word class of the words they attached to) - Common Noun Suffixes: 1. –er / -or: these suffixes are added to Verbs to derive nouns of a person who does the a action. Verbs + –er ــــــــــــــــــــــــ> noun of a person. Teach + -er ــــــــــــــــــــــــــ> teacher. create + -or ــــــــــــــــــــــــ> creator.
2. –er / or: can also be used to make nouns of things that do a particular job. Example: Tin-opener, coffee maker.
3. -er / -ee: Both of these suffixes are added to a verb to make nouns of a person but the
-er suffix is added to words to make a noun of a person who does the action of the verb,
-ee is added to words to make the noun of a person who receives (got) the action.
Examples:- Employer: means the person who does the action of employment. (a person who gives a job to others). -Employee: means a person who got the job.
4. –(t)ion / -sion / -ion: are added to Verbs to make nouns ( mostly abstract nouns ) Verb + -(t)ion / -sion / -ion ــــــــــــــــــــــــ> (Abstract) Nouns create + -tion ــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ> creation.
5. –ist : is added to words to make the noun of a person who does a particular activity r (a person who is professional in a particular activity and mostly used to make noun . of a person who plays musical instrument). Examples: psychologist, typist, scientist, journalist.
6. –ism : is used to make the noun of an activity of ideology (belief). [not a noun of person] Examples: journalism, terrorism.
7. –ness: is used with adjectives to make nouns: Adj. + -ness ــــــــــــــ> noun Dark + -ness ـــــــــــــــــــ> Darkness.

Common Adjective suffixes : Suffixes can be change the word class into adjectives.
1. –able/-ible : is used with verbs to make adjectives: verb + -able/ -ible ــــــــ> adj ( it means that the action of the verb can be done )
Example: Use + -able ـــــــــــــــ> usable ( can be used ) Eat + -ible ـــــــــــــــــ> edible ( can be eaten). Common Verb suffixes: Suffixes can be change the word class into verbs.
1. –ise/ -ize : is used to form (make) verbs out of adjectives.
Adjective + -ise/-ize ــــــــــــــــــــ> verb
Example: Modern + -ise ــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ> modenise Organ + -ize ــــــــــــ> organize ( the meaning differ from the meaning of the adj. )