Green Chemistry

2008 APEC Clean Development Conference – The Current Applications and Future Promotion of Green Chemistry for Sustainable Development
National Tsing-Hua University, Hsinchu, Chinese Taipei Dec.15.2008

Green Chemistry for the Improvement of Human Welfare
Gwo-Dong Roam , Wan-Yi Wu, Chung-Han Chiou, Chung-Wen Yen

Office of Sustainable Development Environmental Protection Administration, Chinese Taipei
Tel: [phone]; E-mail: [e-mail]

Viewpoints & Experiences:

. Roadmap: . Benchmarks: . Experiences: . Conclusion:

From the past (1960) to the future (2030)

10 examples of convergent green technology Approaches of Chinese Taipei : institutional promotion, eco-parks, technical incubation, and nanotechnology. Chindia Price for achieving the M illennium Development Goals (MDGs)

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. Roadmap
Driven by Environmental Consciousness / Policy
Pollution Control The-end-ofthe-pipe Technology
1960’s

Cradle to Grave Policy Waste Minimization Technology
1970’s

Pollution Prevention Source Reduction Technology
1980’s

Sustainable Cradle to Cradle Policy Development Clean Production
1990’s

Renewable Energy R/D
2000’s

Driven by Green Chemistry / Technology

. Roadmap
Driven by Environmental Consciousness / Policy
Climate Change Mitigation & Adaptation Four O’s Convergent Technology (nano-bio-info-cogno )
2008 ( We are here) 2015

2025 Millennium Development Goals

Pursuing Human Welfare Clean Energy Alternatives Carbon Neutral Technology
2030

Driven by Green Chemistry / Technology

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. Roadmap
Computers Bits 21st Century Architecture Neurons Atoms Genes Biotech

Networks 21st Century Architecture

Nanotech

Cited from M.C. Roco, W.S. Bainbridge, (2002), “Converging Technology for Improving Human Performance ”, pp71, Kluwer Academic Publishers.

. Roadmap
Nanoscale S&E Information & Computing

Revolutionary computing Nanobiotechnology Bio-informatics Brain research

Biology & BioEnvironment
Coherence and synergism at the confluence of NBIC science and engineering streams.
Cited from M.C. Roco, W.S. Bainbridge, (2002), “Converging Technology for Improving Human Performance ”, pp81, Kluwer Academic Publishers.

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. Benchmarks
1. H2 + O2
NxCat
TM

(4nm palladium - platinum)

H2O 2

Direct Synthesis of Hydrogen Peroxide by Selective Nanocatalyst Technology
(Headwaters Technology Innovation / 2008 Presidential Green Chemistry Challenge Greener Reaction Conditions Award)

Innovation and Benefits: Hydrogen peroxide is an environmentally friendly alternative to chlorine and chlorine -containing bleaches and oxidants. It is expensive, however, and its current manufacturing process involv es the use of hazardous chemicals. Headwaters Technology Innovation (HTI) developed an advanced metal catalyst that makes hydrogen peroxide directly from hydrogen and oxygen, eliminates the use of hazardo us chemicals, and produces water as the only byproduct . HTI has demonstrated their new technology and is partnering with Degussa AG to build plants to produce hydrogen peroxide.

. Benchmarks
1. H2 + O2
NxCat
TM

(4nm palladium - platinum)

H2O 2

This breakthrough technology, called NxCat ™, is a palladium-platinum catalyst that eliminates all the hazardous reaction conditions a nd chemicals of the existing process , along with its undesirable byproducts. It produces H2O2 more efficiently, cutting both energy use and costs. It uses in nocuous, renewable feedstocks and generates no toxic waste. NxCat™ catalysts work because of their precisely controlled surface morphology. HTI has engineered a set of molecular templates and substrates that maintain control of the catalyst ’s crystal structure, particle size, composition, dispersion, and stability. This catalyst has a uniform 4 nanometer feature size that safely enables a high rate of produc tion with a hydrogen gas concentration below 4 percent in air (i.e., below t he flammability limit of hydrogen). It also maximizes the selectivi ty for H2O2 up to 100 percent.

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. Benchmarks
2. C3H6 + H2O2 C3H6O ?

One-pot green synthesis of propylene oxide using in situ generated hydrogen peroxide in carbon dioxide
(Qunlai Chen and Eric J. Beckman / Application of 2008 Presidential Green Chemistry Challenge Greener Reaction Conditions Award)

In the one-pot green synthesis of propylene oxide using in situ generated hydrogen peroxide, a propylene oxide yield of 23% with 82% selectivity wa s achieved over a (0.2%Pd + 0.02%Pt)/TS-1 catalyst by using compressed (supercritical or liquid) carbon dioxide as the solvent and small amounts of water and met hanol as cosolvents. The addition of an inhibitor effectively suppressed a number o f common side-reactions, including the hydrogenation of propylene, the hydroly sis of propylene oxide and the reaction between propylene oxide and methanol. Thi s suppression effect is due to the interaction between the inhibitor and TS -1 leading to the neutralization of its surface acidity.

. Benchmarks
3. Alkali Metals + nanoscale porous metal oxides safer materials
New Stabilized Alkali Metals for Safer, Sustainable Syntheses
(SiGNa Chemistry, Inc. / 2008 Presidential Green Chemistry Challenge Small Business Award )

Innovation and Benefits: Alkali metals, such as sodium and lithium, are powerful tools in synthetic chemistry because they are highly re active. Their reactivity also makes them both flammable and explosive, however , unless they are handled very carefully. SiGNa Chemistry developed a way to stabilize these metals by encapsulating them within porous, sand -like powders, while maintaining their usefulness in synthetic reactions. The stabilized metals are much safer to store, transport, and handle . They may also be useful for removing sulfur from fuels, producing hydroge n, and remediating a variety of hazardous wastes.

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. Benchmarks
3. Alkali Metals + nanoscale porous metal oxides safer materials
Beyond greening conventional chemical syntheses, SiGNa ’s materials enable the development of entirely new areas of chemistry. In cl ean-energy applications, the company ’s stabilized alkali metals safely produce record levels of pure hydrogen gas for the nascent fuel cell sector. Wi th yield levels that already exceed the Department of Energy ’s targets for 2015, SiGNa ’s materials constitute the most effective means for processing water into hydrogen. SiGNa’s materials also allow alkali metals to be safely applied to environmental remediation of oil contamination and the destructi on of PCBs and CFCs. SiGNa’s success in increasing process efficiencies, health and environmental safety, and entirely new chemical technologies has helped it attract more than 50 major global pharmaceutical, chemical, and energy companies as customers.

. Benchmarks
4. Various Pollutants + custom made SAMMS™ Nano Products Qualified Effluent / Air
Development and Commercial Application of SAMMS ™, a Novel Adsorbent for Reducing Mercury and Other Toxic Heavy Metals
(Steward Environmental Solutions, LLC & Pacific Northwest Nationa l Lab. / 2008 Presidential Green Chemistry Challenge Nomination )

SAMMS™ (self-assembled monolayers on mesoporous silica) was developed and commercialized to adsorb toxic metals such as merc ury and lead. SAMMS™ replaces commonly used adsorbents such as activated carbon and ion exchange resins whose manufacture and use are les s environmentally friendly. SAMMS™ is a nanoporous adsorbent that forms strong chemical bonds with the target toxic material. It provide s superior adsorption capacity and cost economics; it also reduces the volu me of hazardous waste. Compared to activated carbon, SAMMS ™ can reduce the volume of adsorbent waste by 30 -fold.

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. Benchmarks
4. Various Pollutants + custom made SAMMS™ Nano Products Qualified Effluent / Air
The original functionalization of SAMMS™ used toluene as the solvent. The resulting waste stream included water, methanol, toluene, and tr aces of mercaptan. It is impractical to separate the components of this mixture; therefore, it was usually disposed of as hazardous waste. This p rocess was improved by substituting a green solvent, supercritical carbon dioxide (sc CO2), which allows complete silane deposition. With this patented process, SAMMS™ manufacturing is faster and more efficient. The sc CO 2 process also results in a higher-quality, defect-free silane monolayer with no residual silane in solution. When the reaction is complete, the only byproduct is the alcohol from the hydrolysis of the alkoxysilane. The CO 2 and the alcohol are readily separated and captured for recycling, eliminating the wa ste stream in the traditional synthesis. The combination of a green manufacturing process for SAMMS™ and the superior adsorption characteristics of SAMMS ™ materials results in a long -term reduction in release of toxic metals into the environment.

. Benchmarks
5. plant-based feedstock + biosynthetic pathway precise genetic control microorganisms various products to change the biofuel landscape
(LS9, Inc. / 2008 Presidential Green Chemistry Challenge Nomination )

Microbial Production of Renewable Diesel Fuel
Developing large-scale, sustainable replacements for petroleum is a national prio rity for environmental, political, and economic reasons. In 2007, the United States consumed 5.5 billion barrels of transportation fuel, increasing its reliance on foreign petroleum and releasing 2.5 billion tons of carbon dioxide and o ther pollutants into the atmosphere. To realize the greatest potential for rapid, widespread adoption , a replacement fuel must be renewable, scalable, domestically deriv ed, cost-competitive with petroleum, and compatible with the existing distribution an d consumer infrastructure. LS9 has developed an efficient fermentation process to produce diesel fuel that meets these criteria. LS9 created metabolically engineered industrial microbes with a novel biosynthetic pathway: these microorganisms produce fatty esters and secrete them into the fermentation medium. The fatty esters are immiscible with the fermentation medium, obviating the need for distillation.

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. Benchmarks
5. plant-based feedstock + biosynthetic pathway precise genetic control microorganisms various products to change the biofuel landscape
LS9’s biosynthetic pathway enables precise genetic control of the mo lecular composition and, hence, the performance characteristics of the resulting end products. LS9 can produce its biodiesel from diverse plant -based feedstocks. LS9 is now producing fuel that is superior to other plant-derived biodiesels in performance, yield, and cost. Substituting LS9 diesel for petroleum -based diesel will reduce greenhouse gas emissions substantially; LS9 estimates that emissions from its diesel are as low as 20 percent of emissions from petroleum -based diesel. Unlike petroleum -based diesel, LS9’s renewable diesel does not contain the environmental pollutants sulfur or m anganese. At current sugar prices, LS9 estimates that its diesel can compete with diesel made from $45-per-barrel petroleum without government subsidy . The LS9 technology anticipates bringing fundamental change to the biofuels landscape, setting the stage for rapid product adoption and widespread displacement of the petroleum -based diesel currently consumed by both households and industry. During 2007, LS9 filed several patent applications, demonstrated its technology in a 10 -liter fermentor, and obtained over $20 million to finance further product development.

. Benchmarks
6. CO2 + Organic Liquids Desorption Adsorption &

Organic Liquids Capture Greenhouse Gas
(David J. Heldebrant, Clement R. Yonker, Philip G. Jessop and Lam Phan / Energy Environmental Science, 2008 )

Carbon dioxide-binding organic liquids (CO2BOLs) can hold more than twice as much CO2 as current capture agents , say scientists in North America. The liquids could be used in coal power plants to captu re the greenhouse gas from combustion exhaust.

Organic liquids can store almost 3 times the amount of carbon di oxide

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. Benchmarks
6. CO2 + Organic Liquids Desorption Adsorption &

David Heldebrant at the Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, US, and colleagues, made CO 2BOLs from mixtures of organic alcohols and strong organic bases. They found that the CO2BOLs can store up to 19 per cent of their weight in CO 2, much higher than the maximum of seven per cent achievable with current aqueous amine systems. 'The biggest obstacle in efficient chemical CO 2 capture and release is the cost of stripping CO 2 from the aqueous capture agent due to the high specific heats associated with water, ' says Heldebrant. Removing, or stripping, the CO2 from the capture agent allows the liquid to be recycled and cap ture more CO2. With CO 2BOLs, less fluid is needed to capture the same amount of CO 2, and less energy is needed to strip the CO 2, he explains. 'Such a system can potentially offer large energy savings for CO 2 stripping when employed on an industrial scale, ' he adds.

. Benchmarks
6. CO2 + Organic Liquids Desorption Adsorption &

"In the future, these mixtures could replace aqueous amine solut ions as a way of removing carbon dioxide from post -combustion waste gases“ - Kazunari Ohgaki, Osaka University, Japan In addition, Heldebrant 's group found that the CO 2BOLs, which were designed to be a direct replacement for the aqueous amines currently used in coal plants, could go through five cycles of capturing and releasing CO 2 without losing activity or selectivity . 'The release of CO 2 in a controlled fashion is important for permanent sequestratio n of CO2 or other applications such as carbonation in the beverage, dry cleaning or chemical industries, ' explains Heldebrant. 'Just because CO 2 is a greenhouse gas doesn 't mean it has no useful applications or market value. ' Kazunari Ohgaki, from Osaka University, Japan, an expert in carbon capture and storage, sees the potential of the study. 'In the future, these mixtures could replace aqueous amine solutions as a way of removing CO 2 from post-combustion waste gases, ' he says. Heldebrant 's team are currently modeling the system to check for any obstacl es to implementation and also plan to investigate whether CO 2BOLs could be used to capture CO 2 before the fuel is burned.

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. Benchmarks
7. A High-Capacity CO2 Trap
(Fabien Buliard / CNRS international magazine) A porous material created by a team led by Gérard Férey at Institut Lavoisier in Versailles has an unparalleled ability to capture c arbon dioxide, a major challenge in the ongoing fight against global warming. This recent study co-authored by several laboratories associated with CNRS has shown that MIL101, a mesoporous Metal-Organic Framework (MOF), could store close to 400 m 3 of CO2 at 25 C per m3 of solid, almost double the capacity of the best materials commercially available today . Yet when Férey initially set out to create porous frameworks, he had no specific application in mind. His goal was to move beyond trial and error and devise a logical approach to create tailored porous solids. Usin g a personal computer simulation program, he found extraordinary virtual resu lts. They eventually led to the creation of MIL101, the largest crystalline porous solid to date, with pores of 3.4 nm and a huge cubic cell volume .

. Benchmarks
8. Waste + Gasification of Syngas+ Biotechnology Coskata Biofuel
(Biofuels : Cellulose Success / Scientific American, 2008)

One promising biofuel procedure that avoids the complex enzymatic chemistry to break down cellulose is now being explored by Coskata in Warrenville, Ill., a firm launched in 2006 by high -profile investors and entrepreneurs (General Motors recently took a minority stake in it as well). In the Coskata operation, a conventional gasification sys tem will use heat to turn various feedstocks into a mixture of carbon monoxide and hydrogen called syngas. The ability to handle multiple plant feedstocks would boost the flexibility of the overall process because each region in the country has access to certain feedstocks but not others.

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. Benchmarks
8. Waste + Gasification of Syngas+ Biotechnology Coskata Biofuel
The group focused on five promising strains of ethanol -excreting bacteria that Ralph Tanner, a microbiologist at the University of Oklahom a, had discovered years before in the oxygen -free sediments of a swamp. These anaerobic bugs make ethanol by voraciously consuming syngas . Coskata suggests that in an optimal setting we could get 90 perc ent of the energy value of the gases into our fuel. Coskata researchers es timate that their commercialized process could deliver ethanol at under $1 per gallon less than half of today 's $2 -per-gallon wholesale price.

. Benchmarks
8. Waste + Gasification of Syngas+ Biotechnology Coskata Biofuel
The input-output "energy balance" of the Coskata process can produce 7.7 times as much energy in the end product as it takes to make it. Coskata plans to construct a 40,000 -gallon-a-year pilot plant near the GM test track in Milford, Mich., by the end of 2008 and hopes to build a fullscale,100-million-gallon-a-year plant by 2011.

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. Benchmarks
9. Nanotechnology-based clean hydrogen for cars
(QuantumSphere / EE Times, 2008)

A California-based company called QuantumSphere has developed nanoparticles that could make hydrogen cheaper than gasoline . The company says its reactive catalytic nanoparticle coatings can boost the efficiency of electrolysis (the technique that generates hydroge n from water) to 85% today, exceeding the Department of Energy ’s goal for 2010 by 10%. The company says its process could be improved to reach an effic iency of 96% in a few years. The most interesting part of the story is th at the existing gas stations would not need to be modified to distribute hydroge n. With these nanoparticle coatings, car owners could to make their own hydrogen, either in their garage or even when driving. The nanoparticles are perfect spheres, consisting of a couple hu ndred atoms measuring from 16 to 25 nanometers in diameter . They are formed by means of a vacuum-deposition process that uses vapor condensation to produce highly reactive catalytic nanoparticles, for which the e ngineering team has formulated several end -use applications.

. Benchmarks
10.

1 $/W p $0.05 /kWh

PV power costs ($/Wp) as function of module efficiency and areal cost (Source: Green 2004)

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. Experiences
1. Institutional Promotion: Council for Sustainable Development
The Council is headed by one chairman, a position concurrently h eld by the Premier. There are 24 to 30 council members in the Council. They are selected from among ministers of government agencies, experts an d scholars, and representatives of civil groups, with each of the above three groups occupying one third of the memberships. The Council chairman appoints one chief executive officer (CEO), chosen from among government administrator council members. The CEO is in charge of supervising the Council works under chairman ’s direction. He is assisted by three assistant executive officers, positions concur rently held by the Vice Ministers of the Ministry of the Interior, the Ministry of Economic Affairs, and the Deputy Administrator of the Environmental Prote ction Administration (EPA). They help the CEO in coordinating affairs related to social aspect, economic aspect, and environmental aspect respect ively.

. Experiences
1. Institutional Promotion: Council for Sustainable Development
A council member meeting (CMM) is convened by the Chairman once every four to six months, with extra sessions whenever necessary. Duri ng the meeting, heads of relevant ministries or distinguished represent atives of the society at large can be invited to attend the meeting as non -voting participants. In addition, working meetings are set up and conve ned by the CEO to plan and coordinate the projects proposed during CMMs, and to supervise the implementation of the decisions reached by CMMs. The Council is authorized to set up working groups according to tasks to promote and coordinate issues relevant to sustainable developmen t. Each working group is headed by a convener, who is also the chief of the chairing government agency of that particular working group. The working groups convene their working sessions once every three months and repor t the achievements every half year.

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. Experiences
1. Institutional Promotion: Council for Sustainable Development
The reorganization of the Council was recently completed. Nine working groups have been set up that include: (1) Education and Promotion, (2) Health and Welfare, (3) Urban and Rural Development, (4) Technology and Evaluation, (5) Transportation and Livelihood, (6) Energy and Production, (7) Biodiversity, (8) National Land and Resources, (9) Energy Conservation, Carbon Reduction and Climate Change. The Council’s secretarial affairs are still handled by the EPAT. The chairing agency and the issue areas of each working group are li sted in the table below. The organizational chart is also attached below .

. Experiences
1. Institutional Promotion: Council for Sustainable Development
The Working Groups with Their Issue Areas
Working Group Education and Promotion Health and Welfare Urban and Rural Development Technology and Evaluation Chairing Agency Ministry of Education Department of Health Ministry of the Interior National Science Council Issue Areas education and promotion of sustainable development health risks and social welfare urban and rural development, sustainable cultural development technology development, green technology, sustainable development achievement evaluation and review sustainable and Intelligent transportation, green lifestyle, green consumption energy policy, non-nuclear hometown related, nuclear waste disposal preservation of biodiversity national land security and planning, water and land resources management Energy conservation and carbon reduction, climate change, greenhouse gas reduction management

Transportation and Livelihood Energy and Production Biodiversity National Land and Resources Energy Conservation, Carbon Reduction and Climate Change

Ministry of Transportation and Communications Ministry of Economic Affairs Council of Agriculture Ministry of the Interior Environmental Protection Administration

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. Experiences
1. Institutional Promotion: Council for Sustainable Development
Organizational Chart of National Council for Sustainable Develop ment
Council Member Meeting Chairman (Premier) Chief Executive Officer Secretariat (EPA) Working Meetings

National Land and Resources (Ministry of the Interior)

Biodiversity (Council of Agriculture)

Transportation and Livelihood (Ministry of Transportation and Communications)

Assistant CEO for Environmental Aspect Coordination (EPA)

Energy Conservation, Carbon Reduction, and Climate Change (EPA)

Urban and Rural Development (Ministry of the Interior)

Health and Welfare (Department of Health)

Assistant CEO for Economic Aspect Coordination (Ministry of Economic Affairs)

2. Environmental Science & Technology Park (ESTP, Eco-Park): Concept:

Energy and Production (Ministry of Economic Affairs)

. Experiences

Technology and Evaluation (National Science Council)

Assistant CEO for Social Aspect Coordination (Ministry of the Interior)

Education and Promotion (Ministry of Education)

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. Experiences
2. Environmental Science & Technology Park (ESTP, Eco-Park):
Green industry competitive edges/ Incentives

. Experiences
2. Environmental Science & Technology Park (ESTP, Eco-Park):

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. Experiences
2. Environmental Science & Technology Park (ESTP, Eco-Park):
Green Industries in Focus
1 Industries related to cleaner production technology Industries that recover waste resources Industries that recover and convert resources into new products Industries involved in emerging and strategic environmental technologies Industries in production of equipment and system of renewable energy Industries that deal with solutions for key aspects of environmental protection Providing equipment or technologies which make manufacturing processes, products and services cleaner and greener. Making equipment of waste separation and product purification, a nd/or providing materials recovered or converted from industrial by products or wastes. Recovering industrial by-products or wastes and turning into products with other functions and uses. Ushering in advanced environmental technology, cultivating high -level environmental talent, and/or developing state -of-the-art “green” environmental technology based on chemistry, biology or physics expertise. Providing equipment or system of bio -mass, fuel cell, wind or photo -voltaic energy, and technologies that improve thermal efficiency or ener gy consumption. Providing technologies that help to solve and prevent potential environmental problems for industry and society, such as soil an d groundwater re-mediation etc.

2

3

4

5

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. Experiences
3. Develop a Responsible Nanotechnology
Chinese Taipei has an Integrated Nanoscience Program. This prog ram coordinates the research efforts from various government organiz ations to achieve objectives that follow the worldwide nanotechnology development trends. The goals of the program include: 1.Achieving academic excellence, and promoting industrial applic ations through the establishment of common core facilities and educa tion programs. 2.Raising the academic excellence and then creating innovative industrial applications based on the national competitive tec hnologies. 3.Establishing international competitive nanotechnology platform s. 4.Enhancing advanced innovative research to speed up the commercialization of nanotechnology.

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. Experiences
3. Develop a Responsible Nanotechnology
This program was formally launched in January 2003 and is schedu led to continue until 2008. An amount of NT $23.2 billion (US $700 million) has been committed to nanotechnology development under the program. The program has four subprograms: Industrial, Academic Excellenc e, Core Facilities, and Education Program taking up 61, 21, 16, and 1.3% of the funding, respectively. The Integrated Nanoscience Program is entering pha se II (year 2009-2014) and has been approved by the government. Environmental Protection Administration (EPAT) has its own commi ssioned projects related to nanotechnology research under the framework of national program. A total budget of NT $60 million (US $2 million) has been grant ed to 10 main projects in phase I (2003 -2008).The focal areas are: 1. Develop possible applications of nanotechnology to environm ental issues. 2. Environmental and health impacts of nanoparticles and nanom aterials, and emergency preventions and control. 3. Develop measurement and monitoring methods for the characte rization of nanoparticles, either from the combustion/engineering manu facturing sources or the natural sources.

. Conclusion
3. Develop a Responsible Nanotechnology
In phase II (2009-2014) with the total estimated budget of NT $150 million (US $5 million), EPAT plans: 1.To continue monitoring technical development and closely worki ng in collaboration with the Council of Labor Affairs and Departmen t of Health in order to examine issues that deal with EHS (Environ ment, Health and Safety). 2.To develop methodologies for exposure assessment and risk assessment. 3.To discover more environmental benefits of nanotechnology by conducting “incubation” and/or “germination” projects.

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. Experiences
4. Environmental Innovative Technology Incubation Project :
The Incubation Project is a five -year(2003~2007) project that was launched by EPAT to facilitate the commercialization of innovati ve technology. Ninety-one projects have been submitted by local research incubator centers teamed up with private enterprises, a nd 52 projects have been granted and executed. Grant from EPAT was NT87 million and self-support fund from the private sector was NT98 million, which accounts for 53% of the total budget. The main output of these projects includes : 3 patents received, 33 patents applied, 7 technical transfers, and 2 full -scale recycling plants have been set-up and commercially operating until now.

. Conclusion

1.Green chemistry is a chemical philosophy and driving force that leads science and technology to move towards green revolution. 2.There is a reason for hope that technology breakthrough in green energy (2012~2015) plus acceptable low “Chindia priced” products/ facilities will eventually replace of products/ facilities in developing countries (2015~2030), and will result in a sustainable and a low-carbon societies.

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Appendix Chindia price
Mr. Raju, one of the most dynamic business leaders in India, told to Mr. Friedman, that No country has a better system for producing a transformational breakthrough around clean power and energy effi ciency than the United States. Hs explained: "America still sits at the boundary of technological excellence. ” “America’s job is to make the big front -end investments in the new clean, green technologies -as it did with PCs, DVDs, and iPods-and then leverage the low -cost service economy of India and the manufacturing platform of China to quickly get those new technol ogist down to the “Chindia price”, the price at which they can really get adopted in China and India. If America doesn’t seize this opportunity, “India, China, and others eventually will.” said Raju.

Thomas L. Friedman, (2008), “Hot, Flat, and Crowded ”, p175, FSC.

Appendix
Prof. Jeffrey D. Sachs’s Comments
1. Dramatic, immediate, commitment to nurturing new technologies is essential to averting disastrous global warming. 2. Economists often talk as though putting a price on carbon emissions-through tradable permits or a carbon tax -will be enough to deliver the needed reductions in those emissions. This is not true. 3. Even with a cutback in wasteful energy spending, our current technologies cannot support both a decline in carbon dioxide emissions and on an expanding global economy.

Jeffrey D. Sachs, “Sustainable Developments: Keys to Climate Protection ”, Scientific American, (April, 2008).

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Reference
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. M.C. Roco, W.S. Bainbridge, “Converging Technology for Improving Human Performance ”, Kluwer Academic Publishers, (2002). USEPA website, 2008 Presidential Green Chemistry Challenge Greener Reaction Conditions Award. D.J. Heldebrant, C.R. Yonker, P.G. Jessop, L. Phan, Energy Environmental Science, (2008). F.Buliard, CNRS international magazine, (2008). S. Ashley, “Biofuels : Cellulose Success ”, Scientific American, (April, 2008). R. Colin Johnson, EE Times, and QuantumSphere website, (February 25, 2008) BASIC RESEARCH NEEDS FOR SOLAR ENERGY UTILIZATION, Report on the Basic Energy Sciences Workshop on Solar Energy Utilization, Ren ée M. Nault, Argonne National Laboratory, (2005). Chinese Taipei Eco-Park website. Thomas L. Friedman, “Hot, Flat, and Crowded”, p175, FSC , (2008).

8. 9.

10. Jeffrey D. Sachs, “Sustainable Developments: Keys to Climate Protection ”, Scientific American, (April, 2008). 11. Rachel Cooper, Chemistry ’s gain, Chem. Technol., T65 -T72, (May, 2008). 12. Qunlai Chen, Eric J. Beckman. One -pot green synthesis of propylene oxide using in situ generated hydrogen peroxide in carbon dioxide. Green Chem,10, 899 -906, (2008) . 13. Steven Ashley, Cellulose Success, Scientific American, 32, (Apri l, 2008). 14. John P.Holdren, “Science and Technology for Sustainable Well –being”, Science, (Jan. 2008).

Thanks for your attention!

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Cited: from M.C. Roco, W.S. Bainbridge, (2002), “Converging Technology for Improving Human Performance ”, pp81, Kluwer Academic Publishers.