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Harassment
N umber 2
August 2009

GENdER aNd WoRk IN ThE MENa REGIoN
W o R k I N G Pa P E R S E R I E S

Poverty, Job Quality and Labor market Dynamics

When there is “No Respect” at Work: Job Quality Issues for
Women in Egypt’s Private Sector ghada barsoum, Ali rashed, and Dahlia Hassanien

Ghada Barsoum is Senior Program Manager, Poverty, Gender and Youth Program, Population
Council, Cairo, Egypt. Email address: gbarsoum@popcouncil.org
Ali Rashed is Data Analyst/Researcher, Data Analysis and Economic Research Unit, Population
Council, Cairo, Egypt. Email address: arashed@popcouncil.org
Dahlia Hassanien is Research Assistant, Poverty, Gender and Youth Program, Population Council,
Cairo, Egypt. Email address: dhassanien@popcouncil.org
The research presented in this publication is the result of a project funded by Canada’s International
Development Research Centre (www.idrc.ca).

The Population Council conducts research worldwide to improve policies, programs, and products in three areas: HIV and AIDS; poverty, gender, and youth; and reproductive health.
Population Council
West Asia and North Africa
59 Misr Helwan Agricultural Road, Maadi, Cairo, Egypt
Tel.: (+202) 2525-5965, (+202) 2525-5967, (+202) 2525-5968
Facsimile: (+202) 2525-5962
Email: pcouncil@popcouncil.org http://www.popcouncil.org
© 2009 The Population Council, Inc.
Any part of this publication may be reproduced without permission for limited distribution, provided it is distributed without charge and the Population Council is acknowledged as its source.
The Population Council would appreciate receiving a copy of any materials in which the text is used.
ISSN: 17441/2009

Abstract
Egypt has one of the lowest female labor participation rates in the world.
Based on ethnographic research, this paper argues that women in Egypt, particularly young women, face job quality issues that discourage them from continuing to work or even entering the labor market. The paper highlights



Cited: Abu Nasr, J., N. Khoury, and H. Azzam, eds. 1985. Women, Employment and Development in the Arab World Acker, J. 1990. “Hierarchies, Jobs, Bodies: A Theory of Gendered Organizations.” Gender and Society Amert, A., P.A. Adler, P. Adler, and D. Detzner. 1995. “Understanding and Evaluating Qualitative Research.” Journal of Marriage and the Family Assaad, R. 1997. “The Effects of Public Sector Hiring and Compensation Policies on the Egyptian Labor Market.” World Bank Economic Review _____. 2002. “The Transformation of the Egyptian Labor Market: 1988– 1998.” In The Egyptian Labor Market in an Era of Reform, edited by R. _____. 2003. “Gender and Employment: Egypt in Comparative Perspective.” In Women and Globalization in the Arab Middle East: Gender, Economy _____. 2006. “Institutions, Household Decisions and Economic Growth in Egypt.” In Explaining Growth in the Middle East, edited by H _____. 2006a. Unemployment and Youth Insertion in the Labor Market in Egypt _____. 2006b. “Why Did Economic Liberalization Lead to Feminization of the Labor Force in Morocco and Defeminization in Egypt?” In Gender 30 Impact of Trade Liberalization in the MENA Region, 2006 MENA Development Forum, Beirut, Lebanon, April 6–9, 2006. Assaad, R. and M. Arntz. 2005. “Constrained Geographical Mobility and Gendered Labor Market Out comes Under Structural Adjustment: Assaad, R. and G. Barsoum. 2008. “Youth Exclusion in Egypt: In Search of “Second Chances.”” Middle East Youth Initiative Working Paper No Barsoum, G. 2004. “The Employment Crisis of Female Graduates in Egypt: An Ethnographic Approach.” Cairo Papers in Social Science 25(3). Bertaux, D. 1982. “The Life-Cycle Approach as a Challenge to the Social Sciences.” In Aging and Life Course Transitions Dore, R. 1976. The Diploma Disease: Education, Qualification, and Development. El-Dessouki, I. 2008. “The Role of the Investment of Insurance funds and Social Protection.” Paper delivered at the Social Security Reform in Egypt Conference, April 21–22, 2008. El-Kogali T.S. and H.N. Al-Bassusi. 2001. Youth Livelihood Opportunities in Egypt Manufacturing.” Feminist Review 7 (Spring, 1981): 87–107. Gruber, J. 1998. “The Impact of Male Work Environments and Organizational Policies on Women’s Experiences of Sexual Harassment.” Gruber, J. and M. Smith. 1995. “Women’s responses to sexual harassment: A multivariate analysis.” Basic and Applied Social Psychology 17: 543–62. Hoodfar, H. 1999. The Women’s Movement in Iran: Women at the Crossroads of Secularism and Islamisation International Labour Organisation (ILO). International Labour Conference, 87th Session, 1999, Geneva _____. 1987. Women in the World Economy. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Kandiyoti, D., ed. 1991. Women, Islam and the State. Basingstoke: Macmillan. Karshenas, M. and V. Moghadam. 2001. “Female Labour Force Participation and Economic Adjustment in the MENA Region.” Research in Middle McDonald, M. 1986. “Egyptian Education and Development.” Journal of Arab Affairs, 5(1). Moghadam, V. 1993. Modernizing Women: Gender and Social Change in the Middle East _____. 1998. Women, Work, and Economic Reform in the Middle East and North Africa _____. 2001. “Feminism and Islamic Fundamentalism: A Secularist Interpretation.” Journal of Women’s History 13(10): 43–45. Perin, C. 1977. Everything in Its Place: Social Order and Land Use in America. Philips, A and B. Taylor. 1980. “Sex and Skill: Notes Towards a Feminist Economics.” Feminist Review Said, M. 2000. “A Decade of Rising Wage Inequality? Gender, Occupation and Public–Private Issues in the Egyptian Wage Structure: 1988–1998.” _____. 2002. “A Decade of Rising Wage Inequality? Gender, Occupation, and Public-Private Issues in the Egyptian Wage Structure.” In The

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