Hazardous Chemicals Case Study
1. How do toxicologists investigate hazardous chemicals? How is this information disseminated to health practitioners and the public?
To investigate hazardous materials they do tests on animals. Then investigate human involvement with the chemical and present information linking the dose of the chemical to the response. All available date on toxic chemicals is on its IRIS, which can be found online.
3. Define total product life cycle, and describe the many stages at which pollutants may enter the environment.
Total Product Life Cycle- The sum of all steps in the manufacture process of a product, from obtaining the raw materials through producing, using, and finally disposing of the product
At each step or in between steps wastes, by-products …show more content…
or the product itself may enter the environment.
5. What are the “dirty dozen” POPs? Why are they on the list?
Aldrin, Chlordane, DDT, Dieldrin, Endrin, Heptachlor, Hexachlorobenzene, Mirex, Toxaphene, PCBs, Bioxins, Furans
These are on the list because they are banned/highly restricted as a result of the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants.
7. Describe the three methods of land disposal that were used in the 1970s. How has their use changed over time?
Deep-well injections: Drilling thousands of feet below groundwater: consists of concentric pipes and casings that isolate wastes as they are injected
Surface Impoundments: Excavated depressions in which liquid wastes are drained and held; the least expensive method
Landfills: Wastes put into drums and treated in accordance with their chemical and physical characteristics
9. What is being done about leaking underground storage tanks and brownfields?
The type of storage container used is being changed and the containers are being monitored better. Brownfields are being cleaned and reused; this helps create jobs.
11. What laws exist to protect the public against exposures resulting from hazardous-chemical accidents? What are the main features of the legislation?
OSHA (Occupational Safety and Health Act of 1970): requires businesses, industries, and laboratories to make available info regarding hazardous materials and suitable protective equipment
EPCRA (Emergency Planning and Community Right-to-know Act): requires companies that handle more than 5 tons of any hazardous material to provide a “complete accounting” of storage sites, feed hoppers, and so on
TSCA (Toxic Substances Act): requires that before manufacturing a new chemical in bulk, manufacturers submit a “pre-manufacturing notice” to the EPA
13.
Why does the EPA have an Environmental Justice Program?
The EPA has this program to ensure that discrimination does not play a factor in the placement of hazardous waste landfills.
14. Describe the advantages of pollution-prevention efforts.
There are four angles to preventing some pollution. To help prevent, the production process must be changed. One way is to use substitute non-hazardous material. Another way is to recycle. The efforts have helped reduce emissions and reduced toxin-containing wastewater.
Chapter 23
2. How did the structure of cities begin to change after World War II? What factors were responsible for the change?
Cities began to pop up like mushrooms after World War II due to the returning veterans who needed housing. Due to zoning laws more schools and stores were built as well.
4. What federal laws and policies tend to support urban sprawl?
6. What is smart growth? What are four smart-growth strategies that address urban sprawl?
Smart growth: communities and metropolitan areas choosing to develop in more environmentally sustainable ways
1. Setting boundaries: creating a boundary line for controlled
growth
2. Saving open space: protect natural areas
3. Develop space: channel sites where key infrastructure is already placed
4. Creating new towns- change zoning laws
8. What is meant by erosion of a city’s tax base? Why does it follow from exurban migration? What are the results?
By erosion of the city’s tax base they are referring to the decline in the amount of taxes paid in the city overall. There is a disproportionate burden of welfare obligation. The results of tax erosion is the increase in taxes and/or the cutting of local services.
10. What is meant by economic exclusion? How is it related to the problems of crime and poverty in cities?
Economic exclusion is the excluding of those who living in inner cities from job opportunities. Crime is committed because the neighborhoods become survival of the fittest. The poverty comes because they people can not find jobs.
12. What are some characteristics of livable cities?
Clean water, electricity, sewage disposal, and economic opportunities are a few characteristics of livable cities.
14. What is the Sustainable Communities Program? How does Chattanooga illustrate the program?
The Sustainable Communities Program is a program that revitalizes and rehabilitates cities. The Chattanooga illustrates that the program works efficiently. They did several projects changing the city from the worst in America to one of the best places to live.
16. State five levels on which people can participate in working toward a sustainable future.
Lifestyle choices, Political involvement, volunteer work, career choices, membership and participation in nongovernmental environmental organizations are 5 levels in which people could participate in moving towards a sustainable future.
To investigate hazardous materials they do tests on animals. Then investigate human involvement with the chemical and present information linking the dose of the chemical to the response. All available date on toxic chemicals is on its IRIS, which can be found online.
3. Define total product life cycle, and describe the many stages at which pollutants may enter the environment.
Total Product Life Cycle- The sum of all steps in the manufacture process of a product, from obtaining the raw materials through producing, using, and finally disposing of the product
At each step or in between steps wastes, by-products …show more content…
or the product itself may enter the environment.
5. What are the “dirty dozen” POPs? Why are they on the list?
Aldrin, Chlordane, DDT, Dieldrin, Endrin, Heptachlor, Hexachlorobenzene, Mirex, Toxaphene, PCBs, Bioxins, Furans
These are on the list because they are banned/highly restricted as a result of the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants.
7. Describe the three methods of land disposal that were used in the 1970s. How has their use changed over time?
Deep-well injections: Drilling thousands of feet below groundwater: consists of concentric pipes and casings that isolate wastes as they are injected
Surface Impoundments: Excavated depressions in which liquid wastes are drained and held; the least expensive method
Landfills: Wastes put into drums and treated in accordance with their chemical and physical characteristics
9. What is being done about leaking underground storage tanks and brownfields?
The type of storage container used is being changed and the containers are being monitored better. Brownfields are being cleaned and reused; this helps create jobs.
11. What laws exist to protect the public against exposures resulting from hazardous-chemical accidents? What are the main features of the legislation?
OSHA (Occupational Safety and Health Act of 1970): requires businesses, industries, and laboratories to make available info regarding hazardous materials and suitable protective equipment
EPCRA (Emergency Planning and Community Right-to-know Act): requires companies that handle more than 5 tons of any hazardous material to provide a “complete accounting” of storage sites, feed hoppers, and so on
TSCA (Toxic Substances Act): requires that before manufacturing a new chemical in bulk, manufacturers submit a “pre-manufacturing notice” to the EPA
13.
Why does the EPA have an Environmental Justice Program?
The EPA has this program to ensure that discrimination does not play a factor in the placement of hazardous waste landfills.
14. Describe the advantages of pollution-prevention efforts.
There are four angles to preventing some pollution. To help prevent, the production process must be changed. One way is to use substitute non-hazardous material. Another way is to recycle. The efforts have helped reduce emissions and reduced toxin-containing wastewater.
Chapter 23
2. How did the structure of cities begin to change after World War II? What factors were responsible for the change?
Cities began to pop up like mushrooms after World War II due to the returning veterans who needed housing. Due to zoning laws more schools and stores were built as well.
4. What federal laws and policies tend to support urban sprawl?
6. What is smart growth? What are four smart-growth strategies that address urban sprawl?
Smart growth: communities and metropolitan areas choosing to develop in more environmentally sustainable ways
1. Setting boundaries: creating a boundary line for controlled
growth
2. Saving open space: protect natural areas
3. Develop space: channel sites where key infrastructure is already placed
4. Creating new towns- change zoning laws
8. What is meant by erosion of a city’s tax base? Why does it follow from exurban migration? What are the results?
By erosion of the city’s tax base they are referring to the decline in the amount of taxes paid in the city overall. There is a disproportionate burden of welfare obligation. The results of tax erosion is the increase in taxes and/or the cutting of local services.
10. What is meant by economic exclusion? How is it related to the problems of crime and poverty in cities?
Economic exclusion is the excluding of those who living in inner cities from job opportunities. Crime is committed because the neighborhoods become survival of the fittest. The poverty comes because they people can not find jobs.
12. What are some characteristics of livable cities?
Clean water, electricity, sewage disposal, and economic opportunities are a few characteristics of livable cities.
14. What is the Sustainable Communities Program? How does Chattanooga illustrate the program?
The Sustainable Communities Program is a program that revitalizes and rehabilitates cities. The Chattanooga illustrates that the program works efficiently. They did several projects changing the city from the worst in America to one of the best places to live.
16. State five levels on which people can participate in working toward a sustainable future.
Lifestyle choices, Political involvement, volunteer work, career choices, membership and participation in nongovernmental environmental organizations are 5 levels in which people could participate in moving towards a sustainable future.