Haze

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Haze
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
For other uses, see Haze (disambiguation).

Haze over Kuala Lumpur.

Los Angeles skyline, showing haze.

Haze over the North China Plain.

A weak cold front, associated with smog, in the Yellow Sea. The cold front, while moving south, picked up the smog from eastern china into a "smog front"

Haze obscuring the Faisal Mosque inIslamabad.
Haze is traditionally an atmospheric phenomenon where dust, smoke and other dry particles obscure the clarity of the sky. The World Meteorological Organization manual of codes includes a classification of horizontal obscuration into categories of fog, ice fog, steam fog,mist, haze, smoke, volcanic ash, dust, sand and snow.[1] Sources for haze particles include farming (ploughing in dry weather), traffic, industry, and wildfires.
Seen from afar (e.g. approaching airplane) and depending upon the direction of view with respect to the sun, haze may appear brownish or bluish, while mist tends to be bluish-grey. Whereas haze often is thought of as a phenomenon of dry air, mist formation is a phenomenon of humid air. However, haze particles may act as condensation nuclei for the subsequent formation of mist droplets; such forms of haze are known as "wet haze."
In the United States and elsewhere, the term "haze" in meteorological literature generally is used to denote visibility-reducing aerosols of the wet type. Such aerosols commonly arise from complex chemical reactions that occur as sulfur dioxide gases emitted during combustion are converted into small droplets of sulfuric acid. The reactions are enhanced in the presence of sunlight, high relative humidity, and stagnant air flow. A small component of wet haze aerosols appear to be derived from compounds released by trees, such asterpenes. For all these reasons, wet haze tends to be primarily a warm-season phenomenon. Large areas of haze covering many thousands of kilometers may be produced under favorable conditions each summer. Contents [hide] * 1 Air pollution * 2 Obscuration * 3 See also * 4 Notes * 5 External links |
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Air pollution[edit]
Main article: Smog
Haze often occurs when dust and smoke particles accumulate in relatively dry air. When weather conditions block the dispersal of smoke and other pollutants they concentrate and form a usually low-hanging shroud that impairs visibility and may become a respiratoryhealth threat. Industrial pollution can result in dense haze, which is known as smog.
Since 1991, haze has been a particularly acute problem in Southeast Asia, Indonesian forest fires burnt to clear land being the reason. In response to the 1997 Southeast Asian haze, the ASEAN countries agreed on a Regional Haze Action Plan (1997). In 2002, all ASEAN countries except Indonesia signed the Agreement on Transboundary Haze Pollution, but the pollution is still a problem today. Under the agreement the ASEAN secretariat hosts a co-ordination and support unit.[2]
In the United States, the Interagency Monitoring of Protected Visual Environments (IMPROVE) program was developed as a collaborative effort between the US EPA and the National Park Service in order to establish the chemical composition of haze in National Parks and establish air pollution control measures in order to restore the visibility to pre-industrial levels.[3] Additionally, the Clean Air Act requires that any current visibility problems be remedied, and future visibility problems be prevented, in 156 Class I Federal areas located throughout the United States. A full list of these areas is available on EPA's website.[4]
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Obscuration[edit]
Haze causes issues in the area of terrestrial photography, where the penetration of large amounts of dense atmosphere may be necessary to image distant subjects. This results in the visual effect of a loss of contrast in the subject, due to the effect of light scatteringthrough the haze particles. For these reasons, sunrise and sunset colors appear subdued on hazy days, and stars may be obscured at night. In some cases, attenuation by haze is so great that, toward sunset, the sun disappears altogether before reaching the horizon.[5] Haze can be defined as an aerial form of the Tyndall effect therefore unlike other atmospheric effects such as cloud and fog, haze is spectrally selective: shorter (blue) wavelengths are scattered more, and longer (red/infrared) wavelengths are scattered less. For this reason many super-telephoto lenses often incorporate yellow filters or coatings to enhance image contrast.
Infrared (IR) imaging may also be used to penetrate haze over long distances, with a combination of IR-pass optical filters (such as the Wratten 89B) and IR-sensitive detector.
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See also[edit] * Arctic haze * Asian brown cloud * Coefficient of haze * Saharan Air Layer * Smog
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Notes[edit] 1. ^ WMO Manual on Codes 2. ^ ASEAN action hazeonline 3. ^ IMPROVE Visibility Program 4. ^ Federal Class 1 Areas 5. ^ Figure 1. "The setting sun dimmed by dense haze over State College, Pennsylvania on 16 September 1992". "Haze over the Central and Eastern United States". The National Weather Digest. March 1996. Retrieved April 26, 2011.
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External links[edit] | Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Haze | * National Pollutant Inventory - Particulate matter fact sheet * Those hazy days of summer * Haze over the central and eastern United States * Chemical Composition of Haze in US National Parks: Views Visibility Database [hide] * v * t * ePollution | | | Air pollution | * Acid rain * Air quality index * Atmospheric dispersion modeling * Chlorofluorocarbon * Indoor air quality * Global dimming * Global distillation * Global warming * Ozone depletion * Atmospheric particulate matter * Smog | | | Water pollution | * Environmental impact of pharmaceuticals and personal care products * Environmental impact of shipping * Environmental monitoring * Eutrophication * Freshwater environmental quality parameters * Hypoxia * Marine debris * Marine pollution * Ocean acidification * Oil spill * Surface runoff * Thermal pollution * Urban runoff * Waste water * Water quality * Water stagnation * Waterborne diseases | | | Soil contamination | * Bioremediation * Phytoremediation * Electrical resistance heating * Herbicide * Pesticide * Soil Guideline Values (SGVs) | | | Radioactive contamination | * Actinides in the environment * Environmental radioactivity * Fission product * Nuclear fallout * Plutonium in the environment * Radiation poisoning * Radium in the environment * Uranium in the environment | | | Other types of pollution | * Urban heat island * Land degradation * Light pollution * Nanopollution * Noise pollution * Radio spectrum pollution * Visual pollution | | | Inter-government treaties | * Basel Convention * CLRTAP * Kyoto Protocol * MARPOL Convention * Montreal Protocol * OSPAR * Stockholm Convention | | | Major organizations | * Basel Action Network * DEFRA * Environment Agency (England and Wales) * Scottish Environment Protection Agency (Scotland) * U.S. EPA * EEA * Greenpeace | |
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* Visibility