Health Promotion

INTRODUCTION
The health promotion model (HPM) proposed by Nola J Pender (1982; revised, 1996) was designed to be a “complementary counterpart to models of health protection.” It defines health as a positive dynamic state not merely the absence of disease. Health promotion is directed at increasing a client’s level of well being. The health promotion model describes the multi dimensional nature of persons as they interact within their environment to pursue health. The model focuses on following three areas:
• • Individual characteristics and experiences
• • Behavior-specific cognitions and affect
• • Behavioral outcomes
The health promotion model notes that each person has unique personal characteristics and experiences that affect subsequent actions. The set of variables for behavioral specific knowledge and affect have important motivational significance. These variables can be modified through nursing actions. Health promoting behavior is the desired behavioral outcome and is the end point in the HPM. Health promoting behaviors should result in improved health, enhanced functional ability and better quality of life at all stages of development. The final behavioral demand is also influenced by the immediate competing demand and preferences, which can derail an intended health promoting actions.
ASSUMPTIONS OF THE HEALTH PROMOTION MODEL
The HPM is based on the following assumptions, which reflect both nursing and behavioral science perspectives:
1. Individuals seek to actively regulate their own behavior.
2. Individuals in all their biopsychosocial complexity interact with the environment, progressively transforming the environment and being transformed over time.
3. Health professionals constitute a part of the interpersonal environment, which exerts influence on persons throughout their life span.
4. Self-initiated reconfiguration of person-environment interactive patterns is essential to behavior chang
THEORETICAL PROPOSITIONS OF THE HEALTH PROMOTION MODEL
Theoretical statements derived from the model provide a basis for investigative work on health behaviors. The HPM is based on the following theoretical propositions:
1. Prior behavior and inherited and acquired characteristics influence beliefs, affect, and enactment of health-promoting behavior.
2. Persons commit to engaging in behaviors from which they anticipate deriving personally valued benefits.
3. Perceived barriers can constrain commitment to action, a mediator of behavior as well as actual behavior.
4. Perceived competence or self-efficacy to execute a given behavior increases the likelihood of commitment to action and actual performance of the behavior.
5. Greater perceived self-efficacy results in fewer perceived barriers to a specific health behavior.
6. Positive affect toward a behavior results in greater perceived self-efficacy, which can in turn, result in increased positive affect.
7. When positive emotions or affect are associated with a behavior, the probability of commitment and action is increased.
8. Persons are more likely to commit to and engage in health-promoting behaviors when significant others model the behavior, expect the behavior to occur, and provide assistance and support to enable the behavior.
9. Families, peers, and health care providers are important sources of interpersonal influence that can increase or decrease commitment to and engagement in health-promoting behavior.
10. Situational influences in the external environment can increase or decrease commitment to or participation in health-promoting behavior.
11. The greater the commitments to a specific plan of action, the more likely health-promoting behaviors are to be maintained over time.
12. Commitment to a plan of action is less likely to result in the desired behavior when competing demands over which persons have little control require immediate attention. 13. Commitment to a plan of action is less likely to result in the desired behavior when other actions are more attractive and thus preferred over the target behavior.
13. Persons can modify cognitions, affect, and the interpersonal and physical environment to create incentives for health actions.
THE MAJOR CONCEPTS AND DEFINITIONS OF THE HEALTH PROMOTION MODEL
• Individual Characteristics and Experience
• Prior related behaviour
• Frequency of the similar behaviour in the past. Direct and indirect effects on the likelihood of engaging in health promoting behaviors.
PERSONAL FACTORS
Personal factors categorized as biological, psychological and socio-cultural. These factors are predictive of a given behavior and shaped by the nature of the target behaviour being considered.
Personal biological factors
• Include variable such as age gender body mass index pubertal status, aerobic capacity, strength, agility, or balance.
Personal psychological factors
• Include variables such as self esteem self motivation personal competence perceived health status and definition of health.
Personal socio-cultural factors
• Include variables such as race ethnicity, accuculturation, education and socioeconomic status.
• Behavioural Specific Cognition and Affect
PERCEIVED BENEFITS OF ACTION
• Anticipated positive out comes that will occur from health behaviour.
PERCEIVED BARRIERS TO ACTION
• Anticipated, imagined or real blocks and personal costs of understanding a given behaviour
PERCEIVED SELF EFFICACY
Judgment of personal capability to organise and execute a health-promoting behaviour. Perceived self efficacy influences perceived barriers to action so higher efficacy result in lowered perceptions of barriers to the performance of the behavior.
ACTIVITY RELATED AFFECT
Subjective positive or negative feeling that occur before, during and following behavior based on the stimulus properties of the behaviour itself. Activity-related affect influences perceived self-efficacy, which means the more positive the subjective feeling, the greater the feeling of efficacy. In turn, increased feelings of efficacy can generate further positive affect.
INTERPERSONAL INFLUENCES
Cognition concerning behaviours, beliefs, or attitudes of the others. Interpersonal influences include: norms (expectations of significant others), social support (instrumental and emotional encouragement) and modelling (vicarious learning through observing others engaged in a particular behaviour). Primary sources of interpersonal influences are families, peers, and healthcare providers.
SITUATIONAL INFLUENCES
Personal perceptions and cognitions of any given situation or context that can facilitate or impede behaviour. Include perceptions of options available, demand characteristics and aesthetic features of the environment in which given health promoting is proposed to take place. Situational influences may have direct or indirect influences on health behaviour.
Behavioural Outcome
COMMITMENT TO PLAN OF ACTION
The concept of intention and identification of a planned strategy leads to implementation of health behaviour.
IMMEDIATE COMPETING DEMANDS AND PREFERENCES
Competing demands are those alternative behaviour over which individuals have low control because there are environmental contingencies such as work or family care responsibilities. Competing preferences are alternative behaviour over which individuals exert relatively high control, such as choice of ice cream or apple for a snack
HEALTH PROMOTING BEHAVIOUR
Endpoint or action outcome directed toward attaining positive health outcome such as optimal well-being, personal fulfillment, and productive living.

References: Competing demands are those alternative behaviour over which individuals have low control because there are environmental contingencies such as work or family care responsibilities. Competing preferences are alternative behaviour over which individuals exert relatively high control, such as choice of ice cream or apple for a snack HEALTH PROMOTING BEHAVIOUR Endpoint or action outcome directed toward attaining positive health outcome such as optimal well-being, personal fulfillment, and productive living.