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Sambrook Research International
A review of the science base to support the development of health warnings for tobacco packages
This report has been prepared for European Commission, Directorate General for Health and Consumers. The views expressed in this document are the sole responsibility of its authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the European Commission.
Sambrook Research International
30 Station Road Newport Shropshire TF10 7EN England
E-mail : info@sambrookresearch.co.uk Ref : R 306
18th May 2009 Tel 01952 551188 Fax 01952 551163
Contents
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY............................................................................. 1
Main findings and overall conclusions Recommendations 1 4
BACKGROUND, OBJECTIVES, METHOD AND SAMPLE .................. 5
Background, objectives and overall research requirements 5
SCIENTIFIC KNOWLEDGE ON HEALTH LABELLING ..................... 7
How consumers look at packaging / labels Effectiveness of warning labels generally 7 8
SCIENTIFIC KNOWLEDGE ON TOBACCO WARNING LABELS..... 9
Background information on tobacco warning labelling Review of scientific knowledge on general tobacco warning labelling Evaluation of the effectiveness of TEXT ONLY tobacco health warnings Evaluation of the effectiveness of specific pictorial tobacco health warnings 9 10 14 20
PRINCIPLES OF EFFECTIVE TOBACCO WARNING LABELS ...... 40
Effectiveness of graphic warnings versus text only messages Analysis of warning effectiveness Key design parameters to create effective warning labels 40 42 46
SCIENTIFIC EVIDENCE OF HEALTH EFFECTS OF TOBACCO ... 49
Overview of the main illnesses related to smoking and second-hand smoke Review of the scientific evidence of the health effects of tobacco Health and other benefits from smoking cessation 49 51 80
PROPOSALS FOR NEW TOBACCO HEALTH WARNINGS.............. 81
Proposed new warning messages 81
OVERALL CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS............... 108
A review of the science base to support the development of health warnings for tobacco packages
This report has been prepared for European Commission, Directorate General for Health and Consumers. The views expressed in this document are the sole responsibility of its authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the European Commission.
Sambrook Research International
30 Station Road Newport Shropshire TF10 7EN England
E-mail : info@sambrookresearch.co.uk Ref : R 306
18th May 2009 Tel 01952 551188 Fax 01952 551163
Contents
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY............................................................................. 1
Main findings and overall conclusions Recommendations 1 4
BACKGROUND, OBJECTIVES, METHOD AND SAMPLE .................. 5
Background, objectives and overall research requirements 5
SCIENTIFIC KNOWLEDGE ON HEALTH LABELLING ..................... 7
How consumers look at packaging / labels Effectiveness of warning labels generally 7 8
SCIENTIFIC KNOWLEDGE ON TOBACCO WARNING LABELS..... 9
Background information on tobacco warning labelling Review of scientific knowledge on general tobacco warning labelling Evaluation of the effectiveness of TEXT ONLY tobacco health warnings Evaluation of the effectiveness of specific pictorial tobacco health warnings 9 10 14 20
PRINCIPLES OF EFFECTIVE TOBACCO WARNING LABELS ...... 40
Effectiveness of graphic warnings versus text only messages Analysis of warning effectiveness Key design parameters to create effective warning labels 40 42 46
SCIENTIFIC EVIDENCE OF HEALTH EFFECTS OF TOBACCO ... 49
Overview of the main illnesses related to smoking and second-hand smoke Review of the scientific evidence of the health effects of tobacco Health and other benefits from smoking cessation 49 51 80
PROPOSALS FOR NEW TOBACCO HEALTH WARNINGS.............. 81
Proposed new warning messages 81
OVERALL CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS............... 108