Hildegard Pepalau

HILDEGARD E.
PEPLAU
Interpersonal
Relations Theory

Getting to know the theorist:
• Born in Reading Pennsylvania( 1909), USA
• Diploma program in Pottstown, Pennsylvaniain 1931.
• BA in interpersonal psychology- Bennington College in
1943
• MA in psychiatric nursing from Columbia University New
York in 1947.
• Started first post baccalaureate program in nursing
• Died in 1999
• Theory of interpersonal relations is a middle range descriptive theory.
• The theory was influenced by Harry Stack Sullivan’s theory of Interpersonal Relations( 1953)
• The theorist was also influenced by Percival Symonds,
Abraham Maslow’s and Neal Elger Miller.

Assumptions:

• Nurse and patient can interact.
• Emphasized that both the patient and nurse mature as the result of the therapeutic interaction.
• Communication and interviewing skills remain fundamental nursing tools.
• Believed that nurses must clearly understand themselves to promote their client’s growth and to avoid limiting client’s choices to those that nurses value.

Major Concepts:
• The theory explains the purpose of nursing is to help others identify their felt difficulties.
• Nurses should apply principles of human relations to the problems that arise at all levels of experience.
• Peplau’s theory explains the phases of interpersonal process, roles in nursing situations and the methods for studying nursing as an interpersonal process. • Nursing is therapeutic in that it is a healing art, assisting an individual who is sick or in need of health care.
• Nursing is an interpersonal process because it involves interaction between two or more individuals with a common goal.
• The attainment of goal is achieved through the use of a series of steps following a series of pattern. • The nurse and patient work together so both become mature and knowledgeable in the process. Definitions:

Person
Environment
Health
Nursing

Role of Nurse:
Stranger
Resource Person
Teacher
Counselor
Surrogate
Leader

Phases of Interpersonal relationship

1. ORIENTATION PHASE

 Problem defining phase
 Starts when client meets nurse as stranger
 Client seeks assistance, conveys needs ,asks questions, shares preconceptions and expectations of past experiences  Nurse responds, explains roles to client, helps to identify problems and to use available resources and services

2. EXPLOITATION PHASE
Use of professional assistance for problem solving alternatives The principles of interview techniques must be used in order to explore, understand and adequately deal with the underlying problem

3.

Resolution Phase

The patients’ needs have already been met by the collaborative effect of patient and nurse Now they need to terminate their therapeutic relationship and dissolve the links between them.
Sometimes may be difficult for both as psychological dependence persists
Termination of professional relationship

Interpersonal theory and Nursing
Process
Assessment
Data collection and analysis
[continuous]
May not be a felt need

Orientation
Non continuous data collection
Felt need
Define needs

Nursing diagnosis
Planning
Mutually set goals

Identification

Implementation
Plans initiated towards achievement of mutually set goals
May be accomplished by patient , nurse or family

Exploitation

Evaluation
Based on mutually expected behaviors May led to termination and initiation of new plans

Resolution
Occurs after other phases are completed successfully
Leads to termination a



Interdependent goal setting

Patient actively seeking and drawing help
Patient initiated

LYDIA E. HALL
Core, Care and
Cure model

Getting to know the theorist:
Lydia Hall was born in New York City on
September 21, 1906.
She promoted involvement of the community in health-care issues.
She derived from her knowledge of psychiatry and nursing experiences in the
Loeb Center the framework she used in formulating her theory of nursing.

Theory contains of three independent but interconnected circles:

Core- is the person or patient to whom nursing care is directed and needed. Cure is the attention given to patients by the medical professionals.
Care circle explains the role of nurses, and focused on performing that noble task of nurturing the patients,

Assumption

The motivation and energy necessary for healing exist within the patient, rather than in the health care team
The three aspects of nursing should not be viewed as functioning independently but as interrelated. The three aspects interact and the circles representing them change size, depending on the patients total course of progress.

Case Application
• During the acute phase of illness, the cure circle will be largest • Acute patient care.
The Core

The Care

The Cure

• During the evaluation & follow up visits care circle is the biggest
• Immediate post acute care

The core

The care
The cure

During long term care,

The care

The cure
The core