Historical Influences Of The 1920's
Historical Influences of the Roaring Twenties
Roaring Twenties
The Jazz Age, the Age of Intolerance, The Age of Wonderful Nonsense was the era better known as the Roaring Twenties. This era pioneered the way to modern America. This decade followed the conclusion of World War I, “the war to end all wars”. The United States experienced a radical change socially, economically, politically and innovatively. The 1920’s would be an era where the identity of the United States would evolve and become a staple in modern society. “The most vivid impressions of that era are flappers and dance halls, movie palaces and radio empires and prohibition and speakeasies.” (Zeitz, n.d.)
This decade influenced urbanism and modernism, science …show more content…
and technology and social ferment such as the Klu-Klux Clan, nativism and religious fundamentalism. Other areas such an innovation and tradition created the fundamentals of modern America and an era of great change in the United States. Trends in the automobile industry, an increase in health and life expectancy, changes in social values, technological innovations, religious revitalism, women and equal rights, politics and government and economic advancements were the catalyst for the America we know today.
Background
The 1920’s was an era filled with innovation, prosperity, reform and a thriving U.S. economy. Popular lifestyles were transformed, free time and leisure activities were introduced into everyday life. New inventions and technological breakthroughs, shorter workweeks and an increase in wages were the stepping stones for modern day communications, transportation and recreation.
This decade of change brought about both positive and negative aspects of the American society. As society struggled with its recent past and attachments to the nineteenth century, fear and the resistance to change created a social ferment which included the Red Scares, the Klu-Klux-Klan and the Immigration Act of 1924.
Other areas such as the economy, technology and science transformed the country from wartime to peacetime. Innovations such as the automobile, the radio, techni-colored movies, mass consumption of canned foods, ready made clothes and appliances and urbanism were the catalyst to a modern society. Science and public health was also influenced by introducing new immunizations, dietary habits, physical activity and the discovery of vitamins and their effects on life expectancy.
Finally, the economy and the stock market would end an era filled with changes, transitions and revolution. Consumerism, politics and government, tax policies, buying on credit and the crash of the stock market would end an era of great change in America.
Causes
American life in the Roaring Twenties was one of radical change. During this time period, new social values emerged the abundance of cigarette smoking; drinking and openness about sex identity and social expression were new found freedoms of expression. Changes to society included forced education where children would attend school until the graduated or until they turned eighteen, sports and social clubs and interaction between males and females within the same age group would push physical and emotional boundaries and opportunities for the next generation. Another notable educational reform of this era was established by Professor John Dewey, his theory of “learn by doing” formed the foundation for progressive education (Aboukhadijeh , 2012).
Radio and Movies
Leisure, art and music reflected the changes of the nation’s values. Innovative technologies such as radio became a popular fad. The radio can be compared to the television of today. The radio provided comedy shows, news, live events, jazz, variety shows, drama and opera. The twenties also paved the way for broadcast radio station, and the U.S. radio network. Programs such as Amos ‘n’ Andy were popular in the twenties along with Red Menace News. Influential music from George Gershwin, such as Rhapsody in Blue and An American in Paris had jazz elements, increasing jazzes popularity. Louie Armstrong, Duke Ellington, Fletcher Henderson, George Hershwin and Cole Porter brought jazz to the concert hall and opera houses (DiNello, n.d.). The radio paved the way for commercials and radio advertisements. The Federal Radio Commission was set-up and the Radio Act of 1927 regulating all state and foreign radio transmissions and communications (The Radio Act, 1927). The movie industry also became a popular recreation, techni-color and sound made movies more realistic. Movie stars such as Douglas Fairbanks, Mary Pickford and Charlie Chaplin became icons in the industry. Some of the Big Five studios established in the twenties such as Warner Brothers, RKO, Paramount, Mtro-Goldwyn-Mayer and Fox remain today. These technological advances led to the transatlantic wireless phonograph, radiotelephones and television (DiNello, n.d.).
Literature
Cultural liberation was another fundamental evolution of the twenties. New codes of expression, morals and understanding were explored. Books, magazines and newspapers were an important part of everyday life in the twenties. Literature and poetry captured the new lifestyle and documented its affects on society. Such works as This Side of Paradise and the Great Gatsby both written by F. Scott Fitzgerald dealt with the American Dream. Ernest Hemmingway wrote A Farwell to Arms depicting the war experience and the poet Robert Frost wrote Miscellaneous Poems to 1920 (Gouveia, 2004).
The Automobile Industry
A new industrial revolution especially in the automobile industry stimulated the economy and big business. “By the 1920s, Ford was producing well over half the cars in America, which, in turn, had on its roads more than 80 percent of all the cars in the world. Between 1922 and 1930, the United States turned out an astounding 30 million passenger cars. This vast production stimulated many other businesses: The steel, rubber, and glass industries flourished.” (Gordon, 2001) Henry Ford and Ransom Olds developed the automobile industry; Detroit became the motor capital of the world and mass production and supply chain assembly became commonplace. Ford became a household name with affordable cars by 1920 a new one could be bought for $275 (Gordon, 2001).
Politics and Immigration
The postwar reaction in American society was filled with nativism and isolation from other countries creating an anti-foreign attitude. One example is The Big Red Scare of 1919. The Big Red Scares referred to the scare of anarchist and communism in the United States. This scare created a culture of “shunning diplomatic commitments to foreign countries, denouncing “radical” foreign ideas, condemned “un-American lifestyles and closed shut immigration gates against foreign people.” (Aboukhadijeh, 2012) A notable case at that time was Sacco and Vanzatti case, where two italian-americans were convicted of murder and robbery, the mentality of the times couples with the Red Scare prejudiced the judge and jury (Frankfurter, 1927). This case led the way to restrictive immigration laws, Prohibition and provincialism. Another post-war reaction was provincialism, an anti-foreign, anti-Catholics, anti-black, anti-Jewish, anti-pacifist, ant- communicst, anti-internationalist, anti-evolution, anti-bootlegger, anti-gambling, anti-adultery and anti-birth control culture of the Klu Klux Klan (McGrin, p.191).
Additionally, restrictive immigration laws included the Emergency Quota Act of 1921 restricted the number of immigrants entering the United States within a given year.
The Act of 1921 had decreased the number of Japanese and Eastern European immigrants entering the United States. The Act identified who could enter as a "non-quota" immigrant; this category included wives and unmarried children (under 18 years of age) of U.S. citizens, residents of the Western hemisphere, religious or academic professionals, and “bona-fide students” under 15 years of age. Those not in any of these categories were referred to as a “quota immigrant” and were subject to annual numerical limitations (The Immigration Act, …show more content…
1924).
Finally, The Monkey Trial or Scopes Trial in Tennessee where John Thomas Scopes was tried and convicted for teaching evolution, creating a clash between science and the bible. This trial altered the view of Darwinism and was the first trial ever to be publicized on the radio (McGrin, p.191).
Women’s Movement
Women played a crucial role in changes to the American culture. In 1920, the nineteenth amendment was ratified allowing women the right to vote, mainly due to women’s manufacturing and production efforts during the war. Women made up 21.4 percent of the in the workforce since the war has ended (Women in the Workforce, 2007). Although women were an integral part of the work force, they still faced segregation in the workplace. The symbol of independence and freedom for women was a “flapper”. The flapper style included shorter hair, shorter skirts, make-up, cigarette smoking and alcohol drinking. This reform created a norm of women asserting themselves socially as equals to men (Leopoldi, 2009).
Prohibition and Gangsterism
Changes to society created a need to reinforce beliefs and norms of the nineteenth century, as an attempt to “return to normalcy” legislation was passed to bolster the economy and decrease social problems of the era.
By 1916 almost half the states banned saloons and alcohol distribution. The Eighteenth Amendment in 1919 as implemented by the Volstead Act created the legal abolition of alcohol. This amendment was supported by many women and crusading churches. The Volstead Act banned drinks with alcohol content above 3.2% and so began the era of Prohibition (The Volstead Act, 1920). Prohibition led to bootleggers manufacturing and selling liquor in hidden taverns and speakeasies (unlawful saloons) with no law enforcement and violence erupting due to prohibition gangsters took over local businesses. Prohibition led the way to gangsterism due to large profits from the sale of illegal alcohol. The value of alcohol at that time was high due to its scarcity. One of the most notable gangsters was Al “Scarface” Capone of Chicago. Al Capone smuggled alcohol throughout the Midwest becoming one of the largest crime bosses in the Chicago area. He was responsible for alcohol and drug smuggling, murder and organized crime. Within two years, Capone earning $60 million a year in alcohol sales and an additional $45 million in other activities. Gangs and violence rose during this era, especially in Chicago where 227 gangsters were killed in the span of four years (Origins of Prohibition,
n.d.).
Economics and Consumerism
The recent war, tax policies, assembly line production and electrical power expanded capital investment throughout the country. The influence of Ford’s methods of mass production and efficiency allowed other industries to produce a high variety of appliances, canned foods and ready-made clothing. From 1922- 1929, the Gross National Product rises approximately 40% from $74.1 billion to $103.1 billion. In addition, between 1920 and 1929 per capita disposable income for all Americans rises to 9% and the top 1% of income recipients has increased by 75% in 1929. (The Economy of the Twenties, n.d.) There was a shift from product to consumer desires. Big business flourished creating chain stores such as J.C. Penny and Sears. Most notably was the installment purchase which was an introduction to credit without credit cards creating a new economic structure for Americans boosting big business and corporate profits.
Finally, the Big Bull Market signaled the end of a prosperous era n the United States. The stock market had been on a nine year run with a steady increase in the Dow Jones Industrial Average. This created a high plateau which caused periods of selling and high volumes of trading followed by rising prices and recovery, these swings created instability in the market. Both big business and consumers had money invested in the Stock Market and on October 24, 1929 the stock market began to drop by October 29, 1929, Black Thursday, more than 16 million shares of stock were sold but stocks still ended below their previous value and some stocks became worthless. By November 13, process hit rock bottom. Companies were ruined, faith in banks was destroyed and people became homeless and penniless marking the end of a prosperous era in American history (Rosenberg, n.d.).
Conclusion
In the 1920’s Americans were finding their way, releasing ties to a European cultural and creating their own way. Booming business, innovative technologies and higher wages. The revolution of arts, literature and music influenced the values of a new American society. The Age of Wonderful Nonsense was one where bug business prospered, women could vote, children were educated, religion was questioned, values and morale boundaries were tested and entertainment and leisure engulfed the American lifestyle. Society would forever change from this point forward. The twenties was a decade of changes and booming economy and big business but it was also become a decade overshadowed by the stock market crash and the begging of the great depression.
References Aboukhadijeh, Feross. (2012, November 17). "Chapter 32: American Life in the “Roaring Twenties,” 1919-1929" StudyNotes.org. StudyNotes, Inc. Retrieved from: http://www.apstudynotes.org/us-history/outlines/chapter-32-american-life-in-the-roaring-twenties-1919-1929
DiNello, Carl. (n.d.) 1920 's Films - Early Production and The Introduction of Sound
Retrieved from: http://ezinearticles.com/?1920s-Films---Early-Production-and-The-Introduction-of-Sound&id=5566008 The Economy of the Twenties. Retrieved from: https://www.wou.edu/las/socsci/kimjensen/ECONOMY%20OF%20THE%20TWENTIES.htm Frankfurter, Felix. (1927, March). The Case of Sacco and Vanzetti. The Atlantic
Retrieved from: http://www.theatlantic.com/felix-frankfurter/
Gordon, J.S. (2001, June) The Business of America. A century and a half of the U.S. economy, from the railroad revolution to the information revolution. 2001 » Volume 52, Issue 4
Retrieved from: http://www.americanheritage.com/content/business-america Gouveia, Michele. (2004). Great Novels of the Twenties by Mrs. Parker.
Retrieved from: http://www.flapperjane.com/great_novels_of_the_1920s.htm
The Immigration Act of 1924. Milestones. 1921-1936. Retrieved from: http://history.state.gov/milestones/1921-1936/ImmigrationAct Leopoldi, Christina. (2009, August 10). A Fast Paced Society:1920s American Culture.
Retrieved from: http://www.helium.com/items/1548290-a-fast-paced-society-1920s-american-culture
McGirr, Lisa. (n.d.) Conservative Interrgrum, 1920-32
Retrieved from: http://press.princeton.edu/chapters/s2PE_9004.pdf
Origins of Prohibition. (n.d.) Retrieved from: http://www.history.com/topics/prohibition
The Radio Act of 1927. (1927, February 23). The Radio Act of 1927. Retrieved from: http://www.americanradiohistory.com/Archive-Stevenson-Burgess-Others/Federal%20Radio%20Act%201927.pdf
Rosenberg, Jennifer. (n.d.). The Stock Market Crash of 1929.
Retrieved from: http://history1900s.about.com/od/1920s/a/stockcrash1929.htm
The Volstead Act (1920). Officially titled the National Prohibition Act. (1920, February 1).
Retrieved from: http://www.johnsonsdepot.com/chicago/volstead.pdf
Women in the Labor Force. (2007).
Retrieved from: http://www.infoplease.com/ipa/A0104673.html
Zeitz, Joshua. (n.d.) The Roaring Twenties. Retrieved from: www.gilderlehrman.org/history-y-era/roaring-twenties/esays/roaring-twenties
Roaring Twenties
The Jazz Age, the Age of Intolerance, The Age of Wonderful Nonsense was the era better known as the Roaring Twenties. This era pioneered the way to modern America. This decade followed the conclusion of World War I, “the war to end all wars”. The United States experienced a radical change socially, economically, politically and innovatively. The 1920’s would be an era where the identity of the United States would evolve and become a staple in modern society. “The most vivid impressions of that era are flappers and dance halls, movie palaces and radio empires and prohibition and speakeasies.” (Zeitz, n.d.)
This decade influenced urbanism and modernism, science …show more content…
and technology and social ferment such as the Klu-Klux Clan, nativism and religious fundamentalism. Other areas such an innovation and tradition created the fundamentals of modern America and an era of great change in the United States. Trends in the automobile industry, an increase in health and life expectancy, changes in social values, technological innovations, religious revitalism, women and equal rights, politics and government and economic advancements were the catalyst for the America we know today.
Background
The 1920’s was an era filled with innovation, prosperity, reform and a thriving U.S. economy. Popular lifestyles were transformed, free time and leisure activities were introduced into everyday life. New inventions and technological breakthroughs, shorter workweeks and an increase in wages were the stepping stones for modern day communications, transportation and recreation.
This decade of change brought about both positive and negative aspects of the American society. As society struggled with its recent past and attachments to the nineteenth century, fear and the resistance to change created a social ferment which included the Red Scares, the Klu-Klux-Klan and the Immigration Act of 1924.
Other areas such as the economy, technology and science transformed the country from wartime to peacetime. Innovations such as the automobile, the radio, techni-colored movies, mass consumption of canned foods, ready made clothes and appliances and urbanism were the catalyst to a modern society. Science and public health was also influenced by introducing new immunizations, dietary habits, physical activity and the discovery of vitamins and their effects on life expectancy.
Finally, the economy and the stock market would end an era filled with changes, transitions and revolution. Consumerism, politics and government, tax policies, buying on credit and the crash of the stock market would end an era of great change in America.
Causes
American life in the Roaring Twenties was one of radical change. During this time period, new social values emerged the abundance of cigarette smoking; drinking and openness about sex identity and social expression were new found freedoms of expression. Changes to society included forced education where children would attend school until the graduated or until they turned eighteen, sports and social clubs and interaction between males and females within the same age group would push physical and emotional boundaries and opportunities for the next generation. Another notable educational reform of this era was established by Professor John Dewey, his theory of “learn by doing” formed the foundation for progressive education (Aboukhadijeh , 2012).
Radio and Movies
Leisure, art and music reflected the changes of the nation’s values. Innovative technologies such as radio became a popular fad. The radio can be compared to the television of today. The radio provided comedy shows, news, live events, jazz, variety shows, drama and opera. The twenties also paved the way for broadcast radio station, and the U.S. radio network. Programs such as Amos ‘n’ Andy were popular in the twenties along with Red Menace News. Influential music from George Gershwin, such as Rhapsody in Blue and An American in Paris had jazz elements, increasing jazzes popularity. Louie Armstrong, Duke Ellington, Fletcher Henderson, George Hershwin and Cole Porter brought jazz to the concert hall and opera houses (DiNello, n.d.). The radio paved the way for commercials and radio advertisements. The Federal Radio Commission was set-up and the Radio Act of 1927 regulating all state and foreign radio transmissions and communications (The Radio Act, 1927). The movie industry also became a popular recreation, techni-color and sound made movies more realistic. Movie stars such as Douglas Fairbanks, Mary Pickford and Charlie Chaplin became icons in the industry. Some of the Big Five studios established in the twenties such as Warner Brothers, RKO, Paramount, Mtro-Goldwyn-Mayer and Fox remain today. These technological advances led to the transatlantic wireless phonograph, radiotelephones and television (DiNello, n.d.).
Literature
Cultural liberation was another fundamental evolution of the twenties. New codes of expression, morals and understanding were explored. Books, magazines and newspapers were an important part of everyday life in the twenties. Literature and poetry captured the new lifestyle and documented its affects on society. Such works as This Side of Paradise and the Great Gatsby both written by F. Scott Fitzgerald dealt with the American Dream. Ernest Hemmingway wrote A Farwell to Arms depicting the war experience and the poet Robert Frost wrote Miscellaneous Poems to 1920 (Gouveia, 2004).
The Automobile Industry
A new industrial revolution especially in the automobile industry stimulated the economy and big business. “By the 1920s, Ford was producing well over half the cars in America, which, in turn, had on its roads more than 80 percent of all the cars in the world. Between 1922 and 1930, the United States turned out an astounding 30 million passenger cars. This vast production stimulated many other businesses: The steel, rubber, and glass industries flourished.” (Gordon, 2001) Henry Ford and Ransom Olds developed the automobile industry; Detroit became the motor capital of the world and mass production and supply chain assembly became commonplace. Ford became a household name with affordable cars by 1920 a new one could be bought for $275 (Gordon, 2001).
Politics and Immigration
The postwar reaction in American society was filled with nativism and isolation from other countries creating an anti-foreign attitude. One example is The Big Red Scare of 1919. The Big Red Scares referred to the scare of anarchist and communism in the United States. This scare created a culture of “shunning diplomatic commitments to foreign countries, denouncing “radical” foreign ideas, condemned “un-American lifestyles and closed shut immigration gates against foreign people.” (Aboukhadijeh, 2012) A notable case at that time was Sacco and Vanzatti case, where two italian-americans were convicted of murder and robbery, the mentality of the times couples with the Red Scare prejudiced the judge and jury (Frankfurter, 1927). This case led the way to restrictive immigration laws, Prohibition and provincialism. Another post-war reaction was provincialism, an anti-foreign, anti-Catholics, anti-black, anti-Jewish, anti-pacifist, ant- communicst, anti-internationalist, anti-evolution, anti-bootlegger, anti-gambling, anti-adultery and anti-birth control culture of the Klu Klux Klan (McGrin, p.191).
Additionally, restrictive immigration laws included the Emergency Quota Act of 1921 restricted the number of immigrants entering the United States within a given year.
The Act of 1921 had decreased the number of Japanese and Eastern European immigrants entering the United States. The Act identified who could enter as a "non-quota" immigrant; this category included wives and unmarried children (under 18 years of age) of U.S. citizens, residents of the Western hemisphere, religious or academic professionals, and “bona-fide students” under 15 years of age. Those not in any of these categories were referred to as a “quota immigrant” and were subject to annual numerical limitations (The Immigration Act, …show more content…
1924).
Finally, The Monkey Trial or Scopes Trial in Tennessee where John Thomas Scopes was tried and convicted for teaching evolution, creating a clash between science and the bible. This trial altered the view of Darwinism and was the first trial ever to be publicized on the radio (McGrin, p.191).
Women’s Movement
Women played a crucial role in changes to the American culture. In 1920, the nineteenth amendment was ratified allowing women the right to vote, mainly due to women’s manufacturing and production efforts during the war. Women made up 21.4 percent of the in the workforce since the war has ended (Women in the Workforce, 2007). Although women were an integral part of the work force, they still faced segregation in the workplace. The symbol of independence and freedom for women was a “flapper”. The flapper style included shorter hair, shorter skirts, make-up, cigarette smoking and alcohol drinking. This reform created a norm of women asserting themselves socially as equals to men (Leopoldi, 2009).
Prohibition and Gangsterism
Changes to society created a need to reinforce beliefs and norms of the nineteenth century, as an attempt to “return to normalcy” legislation was passed to bolster the economy and decrease social problems of the era.
By 1916 almost half the states banned saloons and alcohol distribution. The Eighteenth Amendment in 1919 as implemented by the Volstead Act created the legal abolition of alcohol. This amendment was supported by many women and crusading churches. The Volstead Act banned drinks with alcohol content above 3.2% and so began the era of Prohibition (The Volstead Act, 1920). Prohibition led to bootleggers manufacturing and selling liquor in hidden taverns and speakeasies (unlawful saloons) with no law enforcement and violence erupting due to prohibition gangsters took over local businesses. Prohibition led the way to gangsterism due to large profits from the sale of illegal alcohol. The value of alcohol at that time was high due to its scarcity. One of the most notable gangsters was Al “Scarface” Capone of Chicago. Al Capone smuggled alcohol throughout the Midwest becoming one of the largest crime bosses in the Chicago area. He was responsible for alcohol and drug smuggling, murder and organized crime. Within two years, Capone earning $60 million a year in alcohol sales and an additional $45 million in other activities. Gangs and violence rose during this era, especially in Chicago where 227 gangsters were killed in the span of four years (Origins of Prohibition,
n.d.).
Economics and Consumerism
The recent war, tax policies, assembly line production and electrical power expanded capital investment throughout the country. The influence of Ford’s methods of mass production and efficiency allowed other industries to produce a high variety of appliances, canned foods and ready-made clothing. From 1922- 1929, the Gross National Product rises approximately 40% from $74.1 billion to $103.1 billion. In addition, between 1920 and 1929 per capita disposable income for all Americans rises to 9% and the top 1% of income recipients has increased by 75% in 1929. (The Economy of the Twenties, n.d.) There was a shift from product to consumer desires. Big business flourished creating chain stores such as J.C. Penny and Sears. Most notably was the installment purchase which was an introduction to credit without credit cards creating a new economic structure for Americans boosting big business and corporate profits.
Finally, the Big Bull Market signaled the end of a prosperous era n the United States. The stock market had been on a nine year run with a steady increase in the Dow Jones Industrial Average. This created a high plateau which caused periods of selling and high volumes of trading followed by rising prices and recovery, these swings created instability in the market. Both big business and consumers had money invested in the Stock Market and on October 24, 1929 the stock market began to drop by October 29, 1929, Black Thursday, more than 16 million shares of stock were sold but stocks still ended below their previous value and some stocks became worthless. By November 13, process hit rock bottom. Companies were ruined, faith in banks was destroyed and people became homeless and penniless marking the end of a prosperous era in American history (Rosenberg, n.d.).
Conclusion
In the 1920’s Americans were finding their way, releasing ties to a European cultural and creating their own way. Booming business, innovative technologies and higher wages. The revolution of arts, literature and music influenced the values of a new American society. The Age of Wonderful Nonsense was one where bug business prospered, women could vote, children were educated, religion was questioned, values and morale boundaries were tested and entertainment and leisure engulfed the American lifestyle. Society would forever change from this point forward. The twenties was a decade of changes and booming economy and big business but it was also become a decade overshadowed by the stock market crash and the begging of the great depression.
References Aboukhadijeh, Feross. (2012, November 17). "Chapter 32: American Life in the “Roaring Twenties,” 1919-1929" StudyNotes.org. StudyNotes, Inc. Retrieved from: http://www.apstudynotes.org/us-history/outlines/chapter-32-american-life-in-the-roaring-twenties-1919-1929
DiNello, Carl. (n.d.) 1920 's Films - Early Production and The Introduction of Sound
Retrieved from: http://ezinearticles.com/?1920s-Films---Early-Production-and-The-Introduction-of-Sound&id=5566008 The Economy of the Twenties. Retrieved from: https://www.wou.edu/las/socsci/kimjensen/ECONOMY%20OF%20THE%20TWENTIES.htm Frankfurter, Felix. (1927, March). The Case of Sacco and Vanzetti. The Atlantic
Retrieved from: http://www.theatlantic.com/felix-frankfurter/
Gordon, J.S. (2001, June) The Business of America. A century and a half of the U.S. economy, from the railroad revolution to the information revolution. 2001 » Volume 52, Issue 4
Retrieved from: http://www.americanheritage.com/content/business-america Gouveia, Michele. (2004). Great Novels of the Twenties by Mrs. Parker.
Retrieved from: http://www.flapperjane.com/great_novels_of_the_1920s.htm
The Immigration Act of 1924. Milestones. 1921-1936. Retrieved from: http://history.state.gov/milestones/1921-1936/ImmigrationAct Leopoldi, Christina. (2009, August 10). A Fast Paced Society:1920s American Culture.
Retrieved from: http://www.helium.com/items/1548290-a-fast-paced-society-1920s-american-culture
McGirr, Lisa. (n.d.) Conservative Interrgrum, 1920-32
Retrieved from: http://press.princeton.edu/chapters/s2PE_9004.pdf
Origins of Prohibition. (n.d.) Retrieved from: http://www.history.com/topics/prohibition
The Radio Act of 1927. (1927, February 23). The Radio Act of 1927. Retrieved from: http://www.americanradiohistory.com/Archive-Stevenson-Burgess-Others/Federal%20Radio%20Act%201927.pdf
Rosenberg, Jennifer. (n.d.). The Stock Market Crash of 1929.
Retrieved from: http://history1900s.about.com/od/1920s/a/stockcrash1929.htm
The Volstead Act (1920). Officially titled the National Prohibition Act. (1920, February 1).
Retrieved from: http://www.johnsonsdepot.com/chicago/volstead.pdf
Women in the Labor Force. (2007).
Retrieved from: http://www.infoplease.com/ipa/A0104673.html
Zeitz, Joshua. (n.d.) The Roaring Twenties. Retrieved from: www.gilderlehrman.org/history-y-era/roaring-twenties/esays/roaring-twenties