History
The Age of Revolution i789-1848 E R I C HOBSBAWM
VINTAGE
BOOKS
A Division of Random House, Inc. New York
FIRST VINTAGE BOOKS EDITION, AUGUST 1996 Copyright © 1962 by E. J. Hobsbawm All rights reserved under International and Pan-American Copyright Conventions. Published in the United States by Vintage Books, a division of Random House, Inc., New York. Originally published in Great Britain in hardcover by Weidenfeld & Nicolson, London, in 1962. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Hobsbawm, E.J. (EricJ.), 1917The Age of Revolution, 1789-1898 / Eric Hobsbawm.—1st Vintage Books ed. p. cm. Originally published: London : Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1962. Includes bibliographical references (p. ) and index. ISBN 0-679-77253-7 1. Europe—History—1789-1900. 2. Industrial revolution. I. Title. D299.H6 1996 940.2'7—dc20 96-7765 CIP Random House Web address: http://www.randomhouse.com/ Printed in the United States of America 10 9 8 7 6
CONTENTS
PREFACE INTRODUCTION PART I. I 2 3 4 5 6 7 DEVELOPMENTS
IX I
T H E WORLD IN T H E I 7 8 0 S T H E INDUSTRIAL R E V O L U T I O N T H E F R E N C H REVOLUTION
WAR
PEACE REVOLUTIONS NATIONALISM PART / / . RESULTS
7 27 53 77 99 log I32
8
9 II
LAND
T O W A R D S AN I N D U S T R I A L W O R L D THE LABOURING POOR
149
L68 182 200 217 234
IO T H E C A R E E R O P E N T O T A L E N T 12 I D E O L O G Y : R E L I G I O N 13 I D E O L O G Y : S E C U L A R
14 THE ARTS
15 S C I E N C E 16 C O N C L U S I O N : T O W A R D S 1 8 4 8 MAPS NOTES BIBLIOGRAPHY INDEX
253
277 297 309 321 332 339
MAPS
i Europe in 1789 2 Europe in 1810 3 Europe in 1840 4 World Population in Large Cities: 1800-1850 5 Western Culture 1815-1848: Opera 6 The States of Europe in 1836 7 Workshop of the World 8 Industrialization of Europe: 1850 9 Spread of French Law
page 309 310 311 31a 314 316 317 318 320
PREFACE
THIS
book traces the transformation of the world between 1789 and 1848 insofar
VINTAGE
BOOKS
A Division of Random House, Inc. New York
FIRST VINTAGE BOOKS EDITION, AUGUST 1996 Copyright © 1962 by E. J. Hobsbawm All rights reserved under International and Pan-American Copyright Conventions. Published in the United States by Vintage Books, a division of Random House, Inc., New York. Originally published in Great Britain in hardcover by Weidenfeld & Nicolson, London, in 1962. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Hobsbawm, E.J. (EricJ.), 1917The Age of Revolution, 1789-1898 / Eric Hobsbawm.—1st Vintage Books ed. p. cm. Originally published: London : Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1962. Includes bibliographical references (p. ) and index. ISBN 0-679-77253-7 1. Europe—History—1789-1900. 2. Industrial revolution. I. Title. D299.H6 1996 940.2'7—dc20 96-7765 CIP Random House Web address: http://www.randomhouse.com/ Printed in the United States of America 10 9 8 7 6
CONTENTS
PREFACE INTRODUCTION PART I. I 2 3 4 5 6 7 DEVELOPMENTS
IX I
T H E WORLD IN T H E I 7 8 0 S T H E INDUSTRIAL R E V O L U T I O N T H E F R E N C H REVOLUTION
WAR
PEACE REVOLUTIONS NATIONALISM PART / / . RESULTS
7 27 53 77 99 log I32
8
9 II
LAND
T O W A R D S AN I N D U S T R I A L W O R L D THE LABOURING POOR
149
L68 182 200 217 234
IO T H E C A R E E R O P E N T O T A L E N T 12 I D E O L O G Y : R E L I G I O N 13 I D E O L O G Y : S E C U L A R
14 THE ARTS
15 S C I E N C E 16 C O N C L U S I O N : T O W A R D S 1 8 4 8 MAPS NOTES BIBLIOGRAPHY INDEX
253
277 297 309 321 332 339
MAPS
i Europe in 1789 2 Europe in 1810 3 Europe in 1840 4 World Population in Large Cities: 1800-1850 5 Western Culture 1815-1848: Opera 6 The States of Europe in 1836 7 Workshop of the World 8 Industrialization of Europe: 1850 9 Spread of French Law
page 309 310 311 31a 314 316 317 318 320
PREFACE
THIS
book traces the transformation of the world between 1789 and 1848 insofar