History 221 Timeline part 1

History – 221
September 23, 2013 Carl Wertman
Timeline Part I
NOTE: Before starting the Timeline project please refer to the "Example Timeline Matrix" document.
Instructions: Complete the matrix by providing the Time Period/Date(s) in column B, and the Description and Significance of the People/Event(s) to American History in column C. See complete instructions in the Syllabus for the Module 1 assignment entitled, “Timeline Part I.” NOTE: The timeline project does not need to be submitted to turnitin. NOTE: Please write your answers in a clear and concise manner. Limit your submission of the Timeline Part I up to 250 words per topic/subtopic. For example, if a topic is divided into 3 subtopics, you may write a maximum of 250 per subtopic listed. Be sure to cite all sources.

Major Event/Epoch in American History
Time Period/Date(s)
Description and Significance of the People/Event(s) to American History
1) Describe three different American Indian cultures prior to colonization.
Approx. 1200 – 1900 C.E The Anazi inhabited the Southwest. They were artisans in stonework, cotton fabrics and basket making. The Iroquis were one of the largest tribe, dividing into a League of several nations with diverse languages and traditions and were best known as the people of the Longhouse for their dwellings. Algonkian tribes were located in the Northeast and were the first to encounter Europeans. They subsided both on hunting and agriculture.
2) The effects of British colonization on the Native Americans.
1600’s
The British began by building houses in an unobtrusive way which led the indigenous people to believe they could co-habitate, but as the English spread, the natives were forced to move or fight for their land. Eventually interactions with the British led to domination of Native Americans not only by taking their land, but through spreading devastating diseases for which Native tribes had no immunity.
3) The evolution of the socio-political milieu during the colonial period, including Protestant Christianity’s impact on colonial social life.
1600’s-1700’s
Initially Puritans had much control in the colonies and though they came to America to avoid persecution, they were quick to censure other religions. The various religions springing up in America after the Puritans dispersed attracted even more people of various ethnic backgrounds to America to gain freedom of religion. With the Protestant Reformation society began to see itself as a series of interdependent parts in which all the pieces worked together for the whole. The colonists saw social order as being created by humans, therefore they could change it if necessary. Within this structure the Protestants began claiming individualism in religion which translated to social life. Since humans have free will and the desire for individual liberties, a “social contract” was upheld for everyone to obey the laws. Religion became a dominant factor in American politics starting with various acts and culminating in the First Amendment. Religion intermingled with the politics and social life as people defined themselves through individualistic religions.
4) The effects of the Seven Years’ War.
1756-1763
The war helped propel the country of Britain into one of the world's leading colonial powers. In the time following the war, Britain took power over parts of Africa, India, America, Canada, the Middle East and many other significant territories in the world. After this war, Britain took control of many parts of colonial America, eventually leading to the Revolutionary War.
5) The evolution of the concept of “God-given freedom of the individual” stemming from the Protestant Reformation and developing through the American Enlightenment and the Great Awakening, and culminating with the Declaration of Independence.
1600-1776
Many people came to America to seek freedom from persecution due to religious beliefs. Protestantism emerged at the forefront of advancing this new society and advocating individualism in religion. The series of revivals known as the Great Awakening were sermons given that encouraged all of the colonists to live according to the will of their own God. Since so many new religions were formed and followed during this period, and religious life was intertwined with political and social life, it was important for the colonists to use god-given freedom as a demand to the British when declaring independence from that country.
6) The evolution of the socio-political and cultural milieu that created the conditions necessitating and including the formation of the:
a) Declaration of Independence
b) U.S. Constitution (including the Bill of Rights)
a) 1776
b) 1786-1788
A) The British saw the colonies as a way to further their own wealth through mercantilism. After the French and Indian War, the British were in debt and began asking for more from the colonies, instituting several taxes such as the Sugar Act, the Currency Act, and the notorious Tea Act, all designed to exert greater control over the colonies. The final straw was the Intolerable Acts, placing restrictions on the colonists. In response, the colonists formed the Continental Congresses, which eventually led to drafting the Declaration of Independence.
B) The Second Continental Congress wrote the Articles of Confederation which enumerated rights of voting, money management, and land holdings. It did not provide for a number of other necessities like taxes. A convention was appointed to revise the Articles that quickly realized an entirely new document was necessary to uphold the fledgling government of the United States without alienating the individual states and their sense of autonomy. In order to ratify the final document drafted by the convention, the states demanded a list of guaranteed rights, which became known as the Bill of Rights- the first 13 amendments to the U.S. Constitution.
7) The character of George Washington and his precedent-setting impact for future presidents.
1789-1799
Besides being the first President of the United States and leading the American Army in the Revolutionary War, Washington appointed the first Secretaries of State and Treasury- Thomas Jefferson and Alexander Hamilton respectively. He also supported new fiscal concepts such as the Bank of America and a national debt. He introduced a policy of neutrality in foreign wars that was followed up until WWI. He set the precedent for a two term limit of Presidents that was followed until Franklin Delano Roosevelt and then turned into the 22nd Amendment to the Constitution.
Washington established relations with Great Britain after the war to make England one of our closest and strongest allies to this day. Finally, He was the first President to give a Presidential farewell address.

8) The evolution of Jeffersonian Democracy and its legacy, including:
a) The Louisiana Purchase
b) The Second Great Awakening
c) The Embargo Act
d) Issues with the courts
1790’s-1820’s
A) 1803
B) 1800-1870
C) 1807
D) 1801-1820

A) Although Jeffersonian ideals called for small government with powers limited to those explicitly granted by the constitution, which did not include the power to purchase large tracts of land, the Louisiana Purchase was too good a deal to pass up, so they went ahead and made the purchase anyway. This was also despite the desire to limit foreign trade and stay separate from Europe. With this purchase however, the West was opened up to settling and farming and Jefferson was a proponent of yeoman farmers.
B) Jefferson viewed government as a threat to individual freedom, so his brand of democracy allowed for revivals by a multitude of new and old religions including Mormons, Baptists, and Shakers. These revivals encouraged democratic ideals including abolition of slavery and raising the standards of the common man.
C) was enacted against Great Britain and France in order to attempt to maintain the Jeffersonian ideal of American neutrality. Prior to the act, the United States was selling supplies to both sides when U.S. servicemen were pressed into service in the British navy.
D) Presidnet Adams signed in the “Midnight Judges,” in an attempt to keep Federalist control of the Supreme Court and lesser courts. Jefferson ordered the appointments held up to avoid packing the judicial branch. One of the judges sued to receive the appointment leading to Marbury vs. Madison and a ruling that earlier Judiciary Acts were unconstitutional which gave the Supreme Court greater power in the end. Jeffersonians attempted to impeach lead justice Samuel Chase, but failed, ensuring the independence of the judiciary branch and separation of powers in government.
9) The War of 1812
1812
Known as the Second Revolutionary War, this was a conflict between the US and Great Britain over impressment of US soldiers into the Royal Navy, British support of Native American land holdings in North America, and various other grievances. One of the battles during this war inspired the Star Spangled Banner. The Battle of New Orleans was a huge victory for the US and led to the Treaty of Ghent. Since neither side could declare ultimate victory, the war settled boundary disputes between the US and Canada and led to ongoing peaceful relations between the neighboring countries.
10) The Monroe Doctrine
1823
stated that the US would intervene if any European powers attempted to colonize or interfere with states in North or South America. Any attempt would be considered an act of aggression. It is one of the longest standing tenets of US foreign policy and it essentially voided the ideal of American neutrality.
11) The evolution of Jacksonian democracy and its legacy including:
a) The Nullification crisis
b) The bank crisis
c) The Trail of Tears
d) The socio-political effects of Manifest Destiny

A) 1832-1833
B) 1832-1837
C) 1830-1838
D) 1840’S
A) In response to high tariffs on manufacturing, South Carolina declared that the federal Tariffs of 1828 and 1832 were unconstitutional and therefore null and void in South Carolina. The state prepared their military to fend off federal enforcement and the Force Bill was signed authorizing the President to use the military to enforce the tariffs. A new tariff was also introduced that was satisfactory to South Carolina so the state repealed its Nullification Ordinance.
B) Jackson vetoed a bill re-chartering the 2nd Bank of the U.S. to send the message that the bank was a “privileged monopoly created to make rich men richer by act of Congress.” Jackson believed the bank was unconstitutional and violated the liberty of both individuals and states. Jackson continued the war on federal banks by diverting money to state banks and declaring only gold and silver to have monetary value. The short term effect of these banking policies was an economic boom, but soon state debts rose sharply and inflation increased. Then in 1837 just, after the election of Martin Van Buren, a financial depression struck the nation. Cotton prices fell, people were thrown out of work, hungry mobs broke into flour warehouses. Not until the mid-1840s would the country fully pull out of the depression.
C) Many American citizens hoped American Indians would assimilate and become part of the nation, state and federal government officials called for the removal of Cherokee, Chickasaw, Seminole, and many other Indian tribes. President Jackson, who had led an aggressive campaign against the Seminoles, signed the Indian Removal Act, which aimed to relocate American Indians beyond America's current borders into Oklahoma. After protests, Congress stated in 1831 that Indian nations did not have the right to sue for their land. This decision was overturned by the Supreme Court, but Jackson ignored the decision, which ruled that Georgia did not have power over Indian lands. Jackson forced the Cherokee to Oklahoma on what became known as the Trail of Tears, the Cherokee Indians' 800 mile journey to Oklahoma during which 4000 Indians died.
D) Jacksonians supported the concept of Manifest Destiny as a means for yeoman farmers to expand American landholdings to the West. Issues that came up involved whether or not to allow slavery in the new territories and that expansion would limit the number of workers available for new factories in the East. Jacksonians used the concept to justify the war with Mexico. The term Manifest Destiny was meant to suggest that American expansion was destined by Providence and therefore a natural right to spread democracy across the continent.
12) The causes and effects of the Mexican-American War (1846-1848).
1846-1848
One cause of the Mexican-American War was Texas and California. When Texas broke away from Mexico in 1836, Mexico did not recognize it as an independent republic but as a corrupted territory. The United States took the opportunity to annex Texas. Mexico saw the annexation as cause to go to war with the U.S. The US then made an offer to purchase New Mexico and California which Mexico refused. After a border dispute in Texas, the US declared war on Mexico. As American citizens moved to Texas for land and to establish another pro-slavery state in the union, they blatantly ignored Mexican anti-slavery laws and other regulations. The ideal of Manifest Destiny contributed to the westward migration of Americans into Texas and California, further stirring Mexican animosity. Presidents Tyler and Polk, in an effort to gain support from voters for the upcoming election, supported the annexation of Texas and Manifest Destiny. At the end of the war, Mexico, through the signing of the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, ceded California and what would become New Mexico, Arizona, Utah, and Nevada to the United States, and established the Rio Grande as Texas’ southern border. The Compromise of 1850 ensured that California would be a free state, the other western territories would vote over slavery, the slave trade would stop in Washington D.C. and the Fugitive Slave Act was enacted.

Refrences
"Effects of Colonialism upon Native Americans–1997 | Only Good Stuff." Only Good Stuff. N.p., n.d. Web. 23 Sept. 2013. http://onlygoodstuff.wordpress.com/2008/10/15/effects-of-colonialism-upon-native-americans-1997/ "1c. The Algonkian Tribes." The Algonkian Tribes [ushistory.org]. N.p., n.d. Web. 23 Sept. 2013. http://www.ushistory.org/us/1c.asp
"First Boynton Church." First Boynton Church. N.p., n.d. Web. 23 Sept. 2013.

http://www.firstboynton.com/2011/08/16/protestantism-in-colonial-america/
"Pre-Colonial America: BC – 1607 AD." The Story of America RSS. N.p., n.d. Web. 23 Sept. 2013. http://storiesofusa.com/pre-colonial-america/ "The Long-Term Effects of Colonization in the Americas." The Long-Term Effects of Colonization in the Americas. N.p., n.d. Web. 24 Sept. 2013.

http://www.hyperhistory.net/apwh/essays/comp/cw27colonizationeffects.htm
"The U.S.-Mexican War (1846-1848)." The U.S.-Mexican War (1846-1848). N.p., n.d. Web. 24 Sept. 2013. http://www.historyguy.com/Mexican-American_War.html#.T5rcb9lrXKc
"Library Index." The Nullification Crisis. N.p., n.d. Web. 24 Sept. 2013.

http://www.libraryindex.com/history/pages/cmxyrd6l4z/nullification-crisis-jacksonian-democracy.html
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