HLTH 503 outline and refrences
Ebola Virus
I. Definition of Ebola Virus
a. Ebola was first discovered in 1976 near the Ebola River in what is now the Democratic Republic of the Congo 1
b. Ebola virus disease (EVD), formerly known as Ebola haemorrhagic fever, is a severe, often fatal illness in humans.2
c. Ebola viruses are found in several African countries.
d. Spread as a result of handling bush meat (wild animals hunted for food) and contact with infected bats. 1
e. Most human infections result from direct contact with infected people or animals1
f. Can lead to serious illness or death.
g. Ebola is not spread through the air, by water, or in general, by food.
II. Agent
a. Only a few species of mammals (e.g., humans, bats, monkeys, and apes) have shown the ability to become infected with and spread Ebola virus.
b. through contact with an infected animal, such as a fruit bat or primate (apes and monkeys), which is called a spillover event.1
c. Person-to-person transmission follows and can lead to large numbers of affected people.
d. Symptoms may appear anywhere from 2 to 21 days after exposure to Ebola, but the average is 8 to 10 days.1
e. The virus family Filoviridae includes 3 genera: Cuevavirus, Marburgvirus, and Ebolavirus. (2)
f. There are 5 species that have been identified: Zaire, Bundibugyo, Sudan, Reston and Taï Forest. The first 3, Bundibugyo ebolavirus, Zaire ebolavirus, and Sudan ebolavirus have been associated with large outbreaks in Africa. The virus causing the 2014 west African outbreak belongs to the Zaire species.(2)
III. Condition
a. Symptoms 1
b. Fever
c. Severe headache
d. Muscle pain
e. Weakness
f. Fatigue
g. Diarrhea
h. Vomiting
i. Abdominal (stomach) pain
j. Unexplained hemorrhage (bleeding or bruising)
IV. Morbidity/Mortality
a. The average EVD case fatality rate is around 50%. Case fatality rates have varied from 25% to 90% in past outbreaks.2
b. Once people recover from Ebola, they can no longer spread the virus to people in the community.
c. It can be
I. Definition of Ebola Virus
a. Ebola was first discovered in 1976 near the Ebola River in what is now the Democratic Republic of the Congo 1
b. Ebola virus disease (EVD), formerly known as Ebola haemorrhagic fever, is a severe, often fatal illness in humans.2
c. Ebola viruses are found in several African countries.
d. Spread as a result of handling bush meat (wild animals hunted for food) and contact with infected bats. 1
e. Most human infections result from direct contact with infected people or animals1
f. Can lead to serious illness or death.
g. Ebola is not spread through the air, by water, or in general, by food.
II. Agent
a. Only a few species of mammals (e.g., humans, bats, monkeys, and apes) have shown the ability to become infected with and spread Ebola virus.
b. through contact with an infected animal, such as a fruit bat or primate (apes and monkeys), which is called a spillover event.1
c. Person-to-person transmission follows and can lead to large numbers of affected people.
d. Symptoms may appear anywhere from 2 to 21 days after exposure to Ebola, but the average is 8 to 10 days.1
e. The virus family Filoviridae includes 3 genera: Cuevavirus, Marburgvirus, and Ebolavirus. (2)
f. There are 5 species that have been identified: Zaire, Bundibugyo, Sudan, Reston and Taï Forest. The first 3, Bundibugyo ebolavirus, Zaire ebolavirus, and Sudan ebolavirus have been associated with large outbreaks in Africa. The virus causing the 2014 west African outbreak belongs to the Zaire species.(2)
III. Condition
a. Symptoms 1
b. Fever
c. Severe headache
d. Muscle pain
e. Weakness
f. Fatigue
g. Diarrhea
h. Vomiting
i. Abdominal (stomach) pain
j. Unexplained hemorrhage (bleeding or bruising)
IV. Morbidity/Mortality
a. The average EVD case fatality rate is around 50%. Case fatality rates have varied from 25% to 90% in past outbreaks.2
b. Once people recover from Ebola, they can no longer spread the virus to people in the community.
c. It can be
References: 1. Cdc.gov. Ebola Hemorrhagic Fever | CDC. 2014. Available at: http://www.cdc.gov/vhf/ebola/. Accessed November 10, 2014. 2. Who.int. WHO | Ebola virus disease - website. 2014. Available at: http://www.who.int/csr/disease/ebola/en/. Accessed November 10, 2014. 3. Peters C, LeDuc J. An Introduction to Ebola: The Virus and the Disease. The Journal of Infectious Diseases. 1999;179(s1):Six-xvi. doi:10.1086/514322. 4. New England Journal of Medicine. NEJM — Ebola Outbreak. 2014. Available at: http://www.nejm.org/page/ebola-outbreak. Accessed November 10, 2014. 5. Swoger B. Scholarly articles and other sources about the Ebola outbreak | Information Culture, Scientific American Blog Network. Blogsscientificamericancom. 2014. Available at: http://blogs.scientificamerican.com/information-culture/2014/09/29/scholarly-sources-and-reliable-news-sources-about-the-ebola-outbreak/. Accessed November 10, 2014. 6. Sullivan N, Yang Z, Nabel G. Ebola Virus Pathogenesis: Implications for Vaccines and Therapies. Journal of Virology. 2003;77(18):9733-9737. doi:10.1128/jvi.77.18.9733-9737.2003. 7. Chowell G, Nishiura H. Transmission dynamics and control of Ebola virus disease (EVD): a review. BMC Medicine. 2014;12(1):196. doi:10.1186/s12916-014-0196-0. 8. Bausch D, Schwarz L. Outbreak of Ebola Virus Disease in Guinea: Where Ecology Meets Economy. PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases. 2014;8(7):e3056. doi:10.1371/journal.pntd.0003056. 9. Sis.nlm.nih.gov. Ebola Outbreak 2014: Information Resources. 2014. Available at: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/dimrc/ebola_2014.html. Accessed November 10, 2014. 10. Nadakavukaren A. Our Global Environment. Long Grove, Ill.: Waveland Press; 2011.