Preview

Hoffman Politics

Powerful Essays
Open Document
Open Document
11035 Words
Grammar
Grammar
Plagiarism
Plagiarism
Writing
Writing
Score
Score
Hoffman Politics
International Studies Perspectives (2003) 4, 15–33.

PEDAGOGY IN INTERNATIONAL STUDIES

Making and Remaking the World for IR 101: A Resource for Teaching Social Constructivism in Introductory Classes
ALICE BA AND MATTHEW J. HOFFMANN University of Delaware
Social constructivism is now the main theoretical challenger to established perspectives within the discipline of international relations. Unfortunately, the contributions and standing of constructivist approaches in the discipline are not mirrored in undergraduate textbooks for introductory international relations courses. In this article, we present a lecture template containing a broad synthesis of the main tenets of constructivist thought and discuss how constructivism approaches patterns and phenomena of world politics. The lecture is framed by comparing constructivism with the generally statist treatment that topics receive in mainstream international relations as exemplified by neorealism and neoliberalism. This article is designed to provide accessible supporting material for teaching social constructivism to introductory international relations classes. Keywords: social constructivism, pedagogy

Social constructivism is now the main theoretical challenger to established perspectives within the discipline of international relations. This approach to world politics rose to prominence as an alternative to the dominant paradigms by challenging their positions on the nature of the international system, the nature of actors within it, and indeed the nature of social/political interaction in general. The social constructivist focus on the role of ideas, identities, and norms offers a way to explain change in world politics, a noted weakness of mainstream approaches. The importance of social constructivism in and for the discipline of international relations is, by now, well established. Unfortunately, the contributions and standing of social constructivist approaches in the discipline are not mirrored in



References: ADLER, E. (1997a) ‘‘Imagined (Security) Communities: Cognitive Regions in International Relations.’’ Millennium: Journal of International Studies 26(2):249–277. ADLER, E. (1997b) ‘‘Seizing the Middle Ground: Constructivism in World Politics.’’ European Journal of International Relations 3:319–363. BARKIN, S. J., AND B. CRONIN (1994) ‘‘The State and the Nation: Changing Norms and the Rules of Sovereignty in International Relations.’’ International Organization 48(1):107–130. CARR, E. H. (1964) The Twenty Years’ Crisis, 1919–1939, 2nd ed. New York: Harper and Row. CHECKEL, J. (1998) ‘‘The Constructivist Turn in International Relations Theory.’’ World Politics 50(2):324–348. DOYLE, M. (1997) Ways of War and Peace: Realism, Liberalism, and Socialism. New York: W.W. Norton. FIERKE, K., AND K. E. JORGENSEN (EDS.) (2001) Constructing International Relations: The Next Generation. Armonk, NY: M.E. Sharpe. FINNEMORE, M. (1996a) ‘‘Constructing Norms of Humanitarian Intervention.’’ In The Culture of National Security. edited by P. Katzenstein, pp. 153–185. New York: Columbia University Press. FINNEMORE, M. (1996b) National Interests in International Society. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press. GIDDENS, A. (1984) The Constitution of Society. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press. HUNTINGTON, S. (1993) ‘‘The Clash of Civilizations?’’ Foreign Affairs 72(3):22–49. JACKSON, R. (1990) Quasi-States: Sovereignty, International Relations and the Third World. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ALICE BA AND MATTHEW J. HOFFMANN 33 JOHNSTON, I. (2001) ‘‘Treating International Institutions as Social Environments.’’ International Studies 45(4):487–515. KANT, I. (1972) Perpetual Peace: A Philosophical Essay. New York: Garland. KATZENSTEIN, P. (1996) Introduction to The Culture of National Security, edited by P. Katzenstein, pp. 1–32. New York: Columbia University Press. KEOHANE, R. (1984) After Hegemony: Cooperation and Discord in the World Political Economy. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. KLOTZ, A. (1995) ‘‘Norms Reconstituting Interests: Global Racial Equality and U.S. Sanctions Against South Africa.’’ International Organization 49(3):451–478. KRASNER, S. (1988) ‘‘Sovereignty: An Institutional Perspective.’’ Comparative Political Studies 21:66–94. KRATOCHWIL, F. (1989) Rules, Norms, and Decisions: On the Conditions of Practical and Legal Reasoning in International Relations and Domestic Affairs. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. LEBOW, R. N. (1994) ‘‘The Long Peace, the End of the Cold War, and the Failure of Realism.’’ International Organization 48(2):249–277. LIPSHUTZ, R. (2001) ‘‘Because People Matter: Studying Global Political Economy.’’ International Studies Perspectives 2(4):321–339. MASSEY, D., AND N. DENTON (1993) American Apartheid: Segregation and the Making of the Underclass. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. MEARSHEIMER, J. (1990) ‘‘Back to the Future: Instability in Europe After the Cold War.’’ International Security 15:5–56. MORAVCSIK, A. (1998) The Choice for Europe: Social Purpose and State Power from Messina to Maastricht. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press. MORGENTHAU, H. (1962) Politics Among Nations: The Struggle for Power and Peace, 3rd ed. New York: Alfred A. Knopf. ONUF, N. (1998) ‘‘Constructivism: A User’s Manual.’’ In International Relations in a Constructed World, edited by V. Kubalkova, L. Onuf, and P. Kowert, pp. 58–78. Armonk, NY: M. E. Sharpe. POLLACK, M. (2001) ‘‘International Relations Theory and European Integration.’’ Journal of Common Market Studies 39(2):221–244. PRICE, R. (1995) ‘‘A Genealogy of the Chemical Weapons Taboo.’’ International Organization 49(1): 73–103. PRICE, R. (1997) The Chemical Weapons Taboo. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press. RISSE, T., D. ENGELMANN-MARTIN, H. KNOPF, AND K. ROSCHER (1999) ‘‘To Euro or Not to Euro? The EMU and Identity Politics in the European Union.’’ European Journal of International Relations 5(2):147–187. RUGGIE, J. (1998) Constructing the World Polity: Essays on International Institutionalization. London: Routledge. SYMPOSIUM ON THE EUROPEAN UNION (1999) Journal of European Public Policy 6(4). Thucydides (1975) The Peloponnesian War. Suffolk, England: Penguin Books. WALT, S. (1997) ‘‘The Clash of Civilizations and the Remaking of World Order.’’ Foreign Policy, no. 106:177–189. WALTZ, K. (1979) Theory of International Politics. New York: McGraw-Hill. WEBER, M. (1964) The Theory of Social and Economic Organization. New York: Free Press. WENDT, A. (1987) ‘‘The Agent-Structure Problem in International Relations Theory.’’ International Organization 41(3):335–370. WENDT, A. (1992) ‘‘Anarchy Is What States Make of It: The Social Construction of Power Politics.’’ International Organization 46(2):391–425. WENDT, A. (1999) Social Theory of International Politics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. YEE, A. (1996) ‘‘The Causal Effect of Ideas on Policies.’’ International Organization 50(1):69–108.

You May Also Find These Documents Helpful

  • Powerful Essays

    WK 5 Assignment

    • 2478 Words
    • 7 Pages

    The International Relations theory that best fits the Gini-out-of-the-bottle approach for this report is the theory of realism. There are five different classes of realism but the two that stands out to me are classic and neorealism. Classic realism leans towards those that represent a pessimistic view and the fact that people are not often what they appear to be and they it would behoove a government not to be so trusting of others. Neorealism represents the struggle of someone that is greedy for more such as power.…

    • 2478 Words
    • 7 Pages
    Powerful Essays
  • Powerful Essays

    President and Congress

    • 1436 Words
    • 6 Pages

    The era of globalization has witnessed the growing influence of a number of unconventional international actors, from non-governmental organizations, to multi-national corporations, to global political movements. Traditional, state-centric definitions of foreign policy as "the policy of a sovereign state in its interaction with other sovereign states is no longer sufficient. Several alternative definitions are more helpful at highlighting aspects of foreign policies.…

    • 1436 Words
    • 6 Pages
    Powerful Essays
  • Good Essays

    With my heart beating out of my chest, the only thing I could think of was that I did not want to die in Mexico. It was a warm sunny day as we started our ATV adventure outside of the comforts and security of the resort walls. There were 6 of us and we planned to take turns driving. When it was our turn, we could go anywhere we could get the machine. The rental guy was nice enough to loan us his personal iPod, as the machine had a stereo. The iPod was filled with Mexican music of all sorts. How fitting, we realized. What would a Mexican adventure be without the music?…

    • 918 Words
    • 4 Pages
    Good Essays
  • Powerful Essays

    A key tenet of realist thinking is the concept of power, or more specifically, ‘hard power’ and its uses within the realm of international relations. It is the ability to make other actors comply with a state’s will through the use of force and threat (Copeland 2010). With this key tenet, comes the realist notion of an ongoing balancing of power between states. Some have gone so far as to call it “the central theoretical concept of international relations” (Snyder 1984). This realist sentiment can easily…

    • 1871 Words
    • 8 Pages
    Powerful Essays
  • Good Essays

    Manuel Cardenas

    • 761 Words
    • 3 Pages

    These five questions given are a peek of what goes on within International Relations and those questions are: 1. What does it mean to ‘study’ International Relations? 2. How do realism and liberalism differ? 3. What are the characteristics of a state? 4. What do “unipolar”, “bipolar”, “tripolar”, and “multipolar” mean? 5. Using a constructivist theoretical lens, explain the current US political relationship with Pakistan.…

    • 761 Words
    • 3 Pages
    Good Essays
  • Better Essays

    Roskin, M., Berry, N. (2010). IR: The New World of International Relations (8th ed.). Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Prentice Hall…

    • 1402 Words
    • 6 Pages
    Better Essays
  • Powerful Essays

    Weber, Cynthia, International Relations Theory A critical introduction, (2010) 2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon: Third edition published by Routledge, pp. 13-23…

    • 4317 Words
    • 18 Pages
    Powerful Essays
  • Powerful Essays

    In 1648 the Peace of Westphalia effectively ended the rule of the Roman Catholic Church replacing it with a system of legal entities with a permanent population, a well-defined territory and governments capable of exercising sovereignty. The modern sovereign state with a supreme authority to manage internal and external affairs was born. For most of its existence the discipline of International Relations was normally presumed to treat the relations between states, the latter viewed as cohesive social actors driven by their desire for power and prestige. International organizations and other non-state actors were allowed an influence of their own in certain areas, but the state remained in ultimate control. Now IR scholars argue that there has been a transition in the system of sovereignty from the free reign power of the states over their political and economic rule, to a more liberal system that seeks to limit the states authority. There is a perception that IGO's and NGO's are replacing states as the dominant actors in the international system.` Idealists often present non-state actors as the vanguard of an emerging global civil society, challenging the instinctive authoritarianism of states and the power of international capital. Hard-line realists see them either as front organizations thinly disguising the interests of particular states, or as potential revolutionaries, seeking to undermine national solidarity and stability of the state system ` (Josselin and Wallace, 2001). None of the theories can now deny that the balance of power between states and non-state actors has shifted. The purpose of this essay is to examine whether this shift has declined the authority of the states or left them as the most important actors in world politics? By comparing the state to other actors in IR the essay hopes to answer this question.…

    • 2584 Words
    • 8 Pages
    Powerful Essays
  • Powerful Essays

    Again, the United States played and is playing a pivotal role in the development in the growth of this reformed theory of liberalism. Constructivists work to be transparent as “such groups typically uncover and publicize information about violations of legal or moral standards at least rhetorically supported by powerful democracies” (Snyder). Ironically, constructivists provide little aid for the problems that they expose. Although human rights and justice are of great importance, laying guilt with no production of beneficial results keeps constructivism from being a palpable option for the spread of a singular foreign policy…

    • 1475 Words
    • 6 Pages
    Powerful Essays
  • Better Essays

    The discipline of international relations (IR) is one that has witnessed a multitude of variations and shifts. It has produced a fair amount of debate between academics within the international relations scholarship. Due to a plethora of circumstances scholars have subjected the traditional rationalist theories of neorealism and neoliberalism to critical re-evaluations. As a result, constructivism is a concept that has emerged as an alternative approach to dominant IR theories. It focuses on the importance of state identities in defining and gaining knowledge of state interests, actions and goals. There are theorists who purport that the rise of constructivism allows for a further understanding of another international theory, feminism. This is a branch of critical social theory that illlustrates how gender has been thought of or avoided in traditional international relations. While they are fundamentally different in many respects, it is the purpose of this essay to illustrate that similar ontological commitments allow both constructivists and feminists to share a focus centering on the concept of social construction. The paper will provide a brief explication of constructivism and feminism before engaging in a comparative analysis of both theories, including a discussion of strengths, weaknesses and contemporary examples.…

    • 2632 Words
    • 8 Pages
    Better Essays
  • Satisfactory Essays

    There are many similarities and differences between the flute and the piccolo. A piccolo is obviously a whole lot smaller than the flute. The flute makes lower pitched sounds, while the piccolo makes extremely high pitched tones. The flute has three joints, and the piccolo only has two. These two instruments are made out of different material.…

    • 211 Words
    • 1 Page
    Satisfactory Essays
  • Satisfactory Essays

    Realism, within the realm of politics and international relations, is described as “a theory of political philosophy that attempts to explain, model, and prescribe political relations. It takes as its assumption that power is the primary end of political action, whether in the domestic or international arena”. This, in essence means that the theory of realism holds a presumption that the biggest motivation of states is their desire for power or security, rather than ethics or ideals. In the preservation and safeguarding of the respective states’ sovereignty, ground is set for international leaders and other influential bodies to rule their nations in a manner that is regulated to satisfy selfish interests and disregard principles and moral values, thus serving to gratify the notion that the international community is characterized by anarchy, since there is no overriding world government that enforces a common code of rules. Whilst this anarchy need not be chaotic, for various member states of the international community may engage in treaties or in trading patterns that generate an order of sorts, most theorists conclude that law or morality does not apply beyond the nation’s boundaries. The central objective and ambition of the states is said, therefore, to see the perseverance of their individual nations and be oblivious to ethically accepted social mores.…

    • 773 Words
    • 4 Pages
    Satisfactory Essays
  • Powerful Essays

    Neorealism, a concept of international relations that emerged in 1979 by Kenneth Waltz, is a theory which forces on demonstrating how the world works instead what the world ought to be. Neorealism thinkers claim that international structure is established by its ordering principle, which is anarchy, and by the distribution of power, measured by a number of great powers, which have the largest impact on what happens in world politics.…

    • 1599 Words
    • 7 Pages
    Powerful Essays
  • Powerful Essays

    Causes of 2003 Us Iraq War

    • 3867 Words
    • 16 Pages

    Gilpin, Robert. 1981. Hegemonic War and International Change. Conflict After the Cold War. Edited By Richard K. Betts. 2005. New York: Pearson-Longman. pp93-104.…

    • 3867 Words
    • 16 Pages
    Powerful Essays
  • Satisfactory Essays

    Self-determination in health care implies the patient’s right to make decisions on the type of health care they wish to receive provided their decisions are within legal boundaries. The law requires that patients making such decisions are fit and competent to make rational decisions. Although patients cannot exercise the right to self-determination when they become incapacitated, they can pre determine the type of health care they wish to receive in case they become unfit or incompetent to make their own health care decisions. The patients can make their wishes known to others or the doctor through a living will or authorize someone else to make the decisions for them through a durable power of attorney.…

    • 261 Words
    • 2 Pages
    Satisfactory Essays