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Homeostase
Hvordan påvirker biologiske og psykologiske faktorer normal og avvikende spiseatferd?

Innledning:

Tilegnelsen av næring er et grunnleggende livspremiss for mennesker, så vel som for dyr. Like fullt er spiseatferd hos mennesker variert og tidvis kontraintuitiv, sett i lys av den avgjørende rollen ernæring spiller.

Det vil i denne oppgaven gjøres rede for hvordan biologiske og psykologiske faktorer virker inn på normal og avvikende spiseatferd. Oppgavens første del vil gjøre rede for homeostatiske prosessers innvirkning på spiseatferd. Videre vil det gjøres rede for ikke-homeostatiske faktorers innvirkning på spiseatferd. Avslutningsvis vil det bli drøftet hvordan en kan forstå spiseatferd som manifesteres hos personer med anorexia og fedme.

Normal og avvikende spiseatferd forstås her som henholdsvis hensiktsmessig og uhensiktsmessig atferd sett i lys av ernæringsbehov og helsemessige hensyn.

Hoveddel:

1. Homeostatiske prosessers innvirkning på spiseatferd

1.1 Hva er homeostase?

Homeostase er opprettholdelse av fysiologisk og kjemisk balanse i kroppen. Ett eksempel på dette er kroppstemperaturen som vedlikeholdes på ca. 37 C°. Vedlikeholdelse av denne balansen krever en sensormekanisme som oppdager endringer i kroppens indre miljø, et responssystem som kan gjenopprette likevekten, og et kontrollsenter som mottar informasjonen fra sensorene og aktiverer responssystemet. Kontrollsenterets funksjoner fungerer som et termostat. Termostatet er justert på en bestemt temperatur, ett set-point (37 C° i kroppstemperatur eksempelet). Skjer det endringer i denne temperaturen vil sensorene oppdage dette og kontrollsenteret responderer ved å sette i gang prosesser slik at temperaturen igjen kan nå set-point. Kontrollsentrene er som regel å finne i hjernen og opererer gjennom negative feedback, det vil si at de kompenserende responsene opphører når ”problemet er løst”.

1.2 Hvilke teorier har forsøkt å forklare spiseatferd ut fra homeostatiske prosesser?

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