Through violence, cruel labor demands, and especially disease, the Spanish conquest resulted in the ultimate decrease of an immense majority of the native labor resource. Spaniards, having no intention of working themselves, supplanted their labor source by importing massive numbers of slaves directly from Africa. This resulted in the formation of a large mixed, or casta, population that required social definition. Spaniards usually defined social order in terms of ethnicity. Consequently, Africans and pardos had differing roles in terms of labor. Africans, directly from Africa, constituted the agricultural estate and slave population. Free Africans, and, more prominently, free pardos constituted "the majority of the skilled urban work force." Pardos also had the privileged opportunity to serve in militias designed to enforce and maintain Spanish order over
Through violence, cruel labor demands, and especially disease, the Spanish conquest resulted in the ultimate decrease of an immense majority of the native labor resource. Spaniards, having no intention of working themselves, supplanted their labor source by importing massive numbers of slaves directly from Africa. This resulted in the formation of a large mixed, or casta, population that required social definition. Spaniards usually defined social order in terms of ethnicity. Consequently, Africans and pardos had differing roles in terms of labor. Africans, directly from Africa, constituted the agricultural estate and slave population. Free Africans, and, more prominently, free pardos constituted "the majority of the skilled urban work force." Pardos also had the privileged opportunity to serve in militias designed to enforce and maintain Spanish order over