How Did John Locke Contribute To The Industrial Revolution
John Locke- an English philosopher in the 17-18th century. The significance was that John Locke was the advocate for the idea of popular sovereignty during the Enlightenment era which led to the American, French, Haitian, and Latin revolutions.
Sepoys- Indian troops under British command in the 18th century. The significance is the sepoys were the cause of the Indian rebellion in 1857 that made formally transformed India into a British colony.
Berlin Conference- a conference during (1884-1885) that included delegates of twelve European states, including the United States and Ottoman Empire. The significance is it set the ground rules for the colonization of Africa.
Simon Bolivar- a creole leader that led the independence movement in South …show more content…
America in the 18th -19th century. The significance is that it led to the defeat of Spain and the independence of South America (Colombia, Venezuela, Ecuador).
Zaibatsu- private investors that the government sold its enterprises to in the 1880s. The significance was that it brought about the formation of financial cliques and made Japan a major industrial power in the 19th century.
*Powerful trusts or cartels that had the support of the imperial government.
Calico Acts- a series of laws made in 1720-1721 by the British government. The significance is it protected the domestic wool industries and prohibited the imports of printed cloth and restricted the sale of calicoes.
*Had the unexpected consequences of stimulating cotton production in Great Britain.
Railroad- a form of transportation that first began in the 19th century. The significance was it facilitated industrialization and imperialism and presented a faster, easier, and more efficient way of the transportation of people and goods as well as linked distant societies and regions together.
*Served as an instrumental factor in the industrialization of Russia.
Social Darwinism- the theory “survival of the fittest” that was encouraged by the English philosopher Herbert Spencer in the 19th century. The significance was it served as a justification for the imperialism of the major powers on the weaker, smaller nations.
The Boxers- a militia unit known as the Society of Righteous and Harmonious Fists. The significance is with the support of the Qing dynasty ,the boxers was the cause of the anti-foreign uprising in the 18th century known as the Boxer rebellion which resulted in defeat and the bankruptcy of Qing dynasty.
*Organized to rid the foreign devils and their influences from their homeland.
Proletariat- a Marxist term created in the 19th century that referred to the working class of the industrial society. The significance is that it created an idea that the working class will overthrow the capitalist and to try and abolish capitalism from society. Factory System- a system that first began in England, in the late 18th century that involved each worker performing a single task rather than one worker completing the entire job. The significance is that it replaced the putting-out system and guilds and created the new division of labor. *Profoundly altered how people of industrialized societies related to each other and their environment.
The National Assembly- an assembly founded by the people of the third estate in 1789. The significance was the National Assembly brought new political and social order to France that resulted in the French Revolution.
Utopian Socialism- a theory associated with Robert Owen and Charles Fourier, that first appeared around 1830. The significance was that it called for an equitable society and brought about a new way of social reformation where an example was set by establishing a school and hospital for the workers near Owen’s factory.
*An alternative economic system and social experiment best associated with Robert Owen.
Louverture- “the opening” was the name that Francois-Dominique Toussaint named himself in 1791. The significance was that Louverture led the first and only successful slave revolt in history against France, which later resulted in the establishment of Haiti
War of 1812- a war in 1812 between the U.S. and Great Britain (included Canada). The significance was it brought a sense of Canadian pride and unity in Canada between French and British Canadians, which led to anti-U.S. sentiments and rapid growth both politically and economically.
Olympe de Gouges- a French female revolutionist, journalist, and actress of the 18th century. The significance is Gouges was an advocate of the Enlightenment ideas and an iconic leader of women rights in 18th century France which did not fight for the rights of women.
Monroe Doctrine- a proclamation made by President James Monroe in 1823. The significance was prevented European imperialism in the western hemisphere and served as a justification for U.S. intervention in hemispheric affairs.
*Worked as a justification for US intervention in the Americas.
Share-cropping- a form of debt that required indentured servant to share a percentage of the crops they produced with the landowning elite. The significance is in the 19th century it contributed to the loss of freed slaves political and civil liberties.
*An economic system introduced after reconstruction.
Reconstruction- a program of political, economic and social reform in the Southern states of the U.S. after the Civil War (1867-1877). The significance is it brought civil rights to freed slaves and voting rights to black men.
Caudillos- regional military leaders in Latin America during the 19th century. The significance is it restored order but brought limited freedom and discouraged republican ideals in Latin America.
Wounded Knee- a conflict in 1890 between the Sioux tribe and U.S cavalry forces. The significance is served as a symbolic conflict and exposed the harsh treatment of native peoples by the U.S.
Concordat- an agreement in 1801 between Napoleon and the pope of the Catholic Church. The significance is that it allowed the state of France to retain Church lands seized during the revolution as well as made the Catholic faith the preferred religion of France.
*Napoleon making nice with the pope and bringing Catholicism back into the mainstream.
Luddites- bands of English handicraft workers led by King Lud (Ludlam). The significance is it caused a series of revolts from 1811-1816 due to the working conditions in factories that involved the destruction of textile machines and demonstrated that workers wanted better treatment and working conditions.
White Man’s Burden- a poem written by Rudyard Kipling in 1899. The significance of the poem was that it helped justify the imperialism of the European, U.S. and Japan on uncivilized and undeveloped countries.
*An idea that the duty of Euro-American nations was to bring order and enlightenment to distant lands.
Sandalwood- a type of wood that had a fragrant scent. The significance was that it was sought after European merchants in Oceania because of the high value it had in China around the 19th century.
Surfs- peasant class of Russia from 16th-19th century. The significance is that it forced the czar to abolish serfdom, which eventually led to the introduction of industrialization in Russia
*Term that literally meant “Bound to the land”
Battle of Omdurman- a battle in 1898 between Sudanese forces and the British Army. The significance is it was a symbol of Imperial powers strength and the military technological advance that European armies had over African forces.
*A clear case of military domintation by an imperialist power over a non-industrialized land that lead to formal colonialization.
Capitulations- an agreement between the European states and the Ottoman Empire in the 19th century. The significance is that it allowed European states to make treaties and agreements that benefitted them politically and economically, especially to European business people.
Crimean War- a war in the 19th century between Russia and a coalition force of British, France, Kingdom of Sardinia and the Ottoman Empire. The significance is it revealed the weaknesses of Russia, which was that there was no industrialization in Russia, which affected them politically and economically.
Opium Wars- a war between the Qing Dynasty and Great Britain from (1839-1842). The significance is it continued the trade of opium in China and was the cause of the unequal treaties in China after that resulted in political and economic lost to Britain and other European states including Japan.
Karl Marx- a German theorists and socialists in the 19th century who was against capitalism. The significance is that Marx was an advocate for the working class, where Marx believed in a fair, just, egalitarian society and the overthrow of capitalism.
Robespierre- a popular radical leader of the Jacobin party during the French Revolution in the late 18th century. The significance was that Robespierre brought France into the Convention era which was the peak of chaos at the time and later led to Napoleon rising to power.
Trail of Tears- a forced march in (1838-1839) where the Cherokee tribe marched 800 miles to Oklahoma. The significance is it was a symbolism of the hardships Native American Indians faced during the U.S. expansion to the West.
*A tragic consequence of Manifest destiny
Demographic Transition-a social change at the start of the 19th century. The significance was that it represented the shifting patterns of fertility and mortality in the industrializing lands due to the living and working conditions families faced during the time.
*A process where nuclear families become the predominant social unit.
Hidalgo- a treaty between the United States and Mexico in 1848. The significance is it gave the U.S. one-half of Mexico’s territory which supported the notion of “Manifest Destiny” and the U.S expansion to the West.
Russo-Japanese War- a war in 1904 between Russia and Japan which resulted in Japanese victory. The significance is the victory over Russian transformed Japan as a major imperial power in East Asia.
*A humiliating defeat for an empire in decline and a rousing victory for an up and coming imperialist power.
1. A series of revolutions broke out in the eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries all over the Atlantic World. Where did they happen? What were some of the factors leading to each one? Who were some of the main players and what were some of the main events? How were the various revolutions similar to each other and how was each one unique? Be sure to provide lots of details that include some dates to support your essay. A. Where did the revolutions occur? I. Americas (Thirteen British colonies) II. France III. Saint-Domingue (Haitian revolution) IV. Latin America (Mexico and South America) B. Factors that lead to revolutions I. Americas: popular sovereignty and individual freedom i. Imposed new taxes on colonies a. Sugar Act (1764) b. Stamp Act (1765) c. Townshend Act (1767) d. Tea Act (1773) e. Quartering Act (1765) II. France: Equality (Politically and Socially) and Individual Freedom i. War debts (half was due to support of American Revolution) ii. Failure of the First and Second estates to reach an agreement with the Third estate on political and social reform iii. This lead to the formation of the National Assembly in 1789. III. Saint-Domingue: popular sovereignty and Individual Freedom i. Gens de couleur “People of color” wanted to socially reform Saint-Dominigue after fighting in the American revolution ii. White colonials wanted to govern themselves when French revolution began but did not want to grant political and social reform to gens de couleur. iii. Slave revolted due to harsh mistreatment by white slave owners. IV. Latin America: popular sovereignty and Equality (Politically only) i. Creoles class ambition to overthrow Peninsulares class but maintain political status and not pursue any social reform ii. Due to weakened leadership because of the problems Spain faced from the French revolution, indigenous people and mestizos in Mexico wanted independence from Spain. iii. Simon Bolivar was for popular sovereignty in South America. C. Countries involved in revolutions and main events that happened I. American Revolution: Great Britain, France, Spain, Netherlands and several German principalities II. Haitian Revolution: France, Great Britain, and Spain III. Latin America: Spain D. How were the various revolutions similar and what made each one unique? I. Similarity a. Enlightenment Ideas were involved in all the revolutions: popular sovereignty, freedom, and equality. II. Uniqueness of each revolution a. American revolution: founding of a new nation in the Americas and inspired the revolutions in Haiti and Latin America b. French revolution: ended the old older in France and later brought about the reign of Napoleon. c. Haitian Revolution: founded a new nation, ended French presence in Americas and was the only successful slave revolt in history. d. Latin America: founding of new nations in South America and weakened Spanish rule in the Americas
3. During the 19th century, newly industrialized nation-states proceeded to colonize or consolidate control over virtually the entire globe. What were the primary motives for imperialism in the 19th century? What were some of the “tools of empire” that made this new imperial era possible? How did imperial powers justify their actions? What do you think about these justifications? Finally, how were indigenous peoples’ lives affected by colonization of their lands? Be sure to use examples from at least three different parts of the world. A. Primary motives for imperialism I. Economic a. Raw materials (this supported the demands of industrialization) i. India: Coffee and Tea ii. Africa: Gold, Ivory and palm oil iii. Pacific: Sugarcane, copra( dried coconut for vegetable oil), nickel, guano (bird dropping for fertilizer) II. Political a. Strategic sites of sea lanes (trade) b. Used as harbors or supply stations for commercial and naval ships c. Inspire patriotism and defuse social tension due to industrialization B. “Tools of Empire” I. Transportation a. Steamships i. British first started building steam powered iron-clad warships: faster than sail ships ii. Lowered cost of trade between imperial powers and subject lands b. Railroads i. Provided faster transportation of raw materials, manufactured goods and people ii. Connected far distant societies or regions together II. Military a. Breech-loading rifles: more accurate and reliable than muskets b. Maxim machine gun: fired 11 bullets per second c. Steam powered warships enabled further travel into rivers that increased projection of firepower III. Communications a. Suez and Panama Canal i. With the introduction of steamships and the canals, messages could be received and responses given quicker than before compared to sail ships and no canals. b. Telegraph i. Submarine cables enabled faster transportation of messages (faster than ships) ii. Telegraph cables were maintained to keep in contact with overseas colonies C. Justification for imperialism I. Cultural a. Jesuits want to introduce Christianity to subject peoples i. Provided officials with information needed to maintain order in colonies ii. Served as distribution center for European manufactured goods II. Scientific Racism a. Four main racial groups with Europeans at the top b. Social Darwinism: introduced the theory of “survival of the fittest” which referred to Europeans III. Popular Racism: a. Europeans, U.S. and Japanese felt a naturally superior to the people of their subject lands D. How were the indigenous people affected? I. India a. Indian Rebellion of 1857: due to rumor of cow and pig fat lubricate in ammo cartridges ( against the Muslim and Hindu faith) which brought an anti- British rule in India b. After rebellion, British officials transformed Indian way of life into the modern British way. II. Africa a. Warfare, enslavement and smallpox disease epidemics either declined or wiped out indigenous tribes b. New language, laws, policies and way of life was changed III. Pacific a. Migration of Europeans (Australia and New Zealand) brought smallpox disease which resulted in the decline of Native tribes b. Brought conflict between settlers and native tribes over land
3. The industrial revolution was perhaps the biggest catalyst for change in modern world history. Write an essay that explains what the industrial revolution was and why it began in England during the 18th century. How did societies change as they industrialized and how did individuals, certain intellectuals, and governments react to these chances?
* The industrial revolution brought about fundamental changes in transportation, textile industry, economy, classes, societies and much more. Britain was the first to industrialize (year) when it spread around the world to Western Europe, North America and Japan, which is the first East Asian country to industrialize. Because of industrialization, Britain as well as other countries were able to get work done such as the production of goods in a faster more efficient way due to the substitution of hand labor with machine labor. The three classes during the industrial revolution are the owner class, middle class, which consisted of engineers and managers and lastly, the working class which consisted of the factory workers.
Karl Marx was a socialist who despised capitalism and envisioned the abolishment of the owner class. He wanted the proletariat on top, which is practically marx’s lingo for the working class. Marxism is basically the economic, social, government beliefs that were advocated by Marxists. At the beginning of the industrial revolution, working conditions were harsh. Workers worked 6 days a week and were severely beaten and punished. The working environment was unsafe as well as child labor. Workers were getting paid low wages. (EXPAND) Because of this government and labor unions worked to better conditions as well as provide security. An example would be a child labor law being put into act which restricts a certain age only being allowed to work. Innovations during the industrial revolution were the cotton gin, spinning jenny, steam boat, steam train, Crompton mule and many more. Innovations made it possible for the industrial growth in the textile industry. Coke was also used which was purified coal. (What was it used
for) Impacts of the industrial revolution would be revolts and demographic transition. Luddites responded to industrialization in a negative manner. They formed bands of craft workers, artisans and destroyed machinery. The blamed such innovations for their unemployment and low wages. As a result 14 of them were hung, which caused the movement to slowly die down. Demographic transition was a marker of industrialization in which the fertility and morality rate decreased. The cost of living increases which may also be a contributing factor as to why people are deciding to have smaller families aside from the use of contraceptives.
==== Marx felt the way he did because of the rigorous working conditions the working class had to live by such as low wages, unsafe working environments.
During the industrial revolution, women, men and children left their homes to work in factories as well as mines. The industrial revolution left a permanent mark I history because it transitioned man power to machine power. It made things easier for everyone and increased the production rate. The industrial revolution paved the way to an emerging technologically innovative life style. It opened the door for future advancements for the betterment of society. In conclusion, the industrial revolution brought about changes which has both a negative and positive impact.
Sepoys- Indian troops under British command in the 18th century. The significance is the sepoys were the cause of the Indian rebellion in 1857 that made formally transformed India into a British colony.
Berlin Conference- a conference during (1884-1885) that included delegates of twelve European states, including the United States and Ottoman Empire. The significance is it set the ground rules for the colonization of Africa.
Simon Bolivar- a creole leader that led the independence movement in South …show more content…
America in the 18th -19th century. The significance is that it led to the defeat of Spain and the independence of South America (Colombia, Venezuela, Ecuador).
Zaibatsu- private investors that the government sold its enterprises to in the 1880s. The significance was that it brought about the formation of financial cliques and made Japan a major industrial power in the 19th century.
*Powerful trusts or cartels that had the support of the imperial government.
Calico Acts- a series of laws made in 1720-1721 by the British government. The significance is it protected the domestic wool industries and prohibited the imports of printed cloth and restricted the sale of calicoes.
*Had the unexpected consequences of stimulating cotton production in Great Britain.
Railroad- a form of transportation that first began in the 19th century. The significance was it facilitated industrialization and imperialism and presented a faster, easier, and more efficient way of the transportation of people and goods as well as linked distant societies and regions together.
*Served as an instrumental factor in the industrialization of Russia.
Social Darwinism- the theory “survival of the fittest” that was encouraged by the English philosopher Herbert Spencer in the 19th century. The significance was it served as a justification for the imperialism of the major powers on the weaker, smaller nations.
The Boxers- a militia unit known as the Society of Righteous and Harmonious Fists. The significance is with the support of the Qing dynasty ,the boxers was the cause of the anti-foreign uprising in the 18th century known as the Boxer rebellion which resulted in defeat and the bankruptcy of Qing dynasty.
*Organized to rid the foreign devils and their influences from their homeland.
Proletariat- a Marxist term created in the 19th century that referred to the working class of the industrial society. The significance is that it created an idea that the working class will overthrow the capitalist and to try and abolish capitalism from society. Factory System- a system that first began in England, in the late 18th century that involved each worker performing a single task rather than one worker completing the entire job. The significance is that it replaced the putting-out system and guilds and created the new division of labor. *Profoundly altered how people of industrialized societies related to each other and their environment.
The National Assembly- an assembly founded by the people of the third estate in 1789. The significance was the National Assembly brought new political and social order to France that resulted in the French Revolution.
Utopian Socialism- a theory associated with Robert Owen and Charles Fourier, that first appeared around 1830. The significance was that it called for an equitable society and brought about a new way of social reformation where an example was set by establishing a school and hospital for the workers near Owen’s factory.
*An alternative economic system and social experiment best associated with Robert Owen.
Louverture- “the opening” was the name that Francois-Dominique Toussaint named himself in 1791. The significance was that Louverture led the first and only successful slave revolt in history against France, which later resulted in the establishment of Haiti
War of 1812- a war in 1812 between the U.S. and Great Britain (included Canada). The significance was it brought a sense of Canadian pride and unity in Canada between French and British Canadians, which led to anti-U.S. sentiments and rapid growth both politically and economically.
Olympe de Gouges- a French female revolutionist, journalist, and actress of the 18th century. The significance is Gouges was an advocate of the Enlightenment ideas and an iconic leader of women rights in 18th century France which did not fight for the rights of women.
Monroe Doctrine- a proclamation made by President James Monroe in 1823. The significance was prevented European imperialism in the western hemisphere and served as a justification for U.S. intervention in hemispheric affairs.
*Worked as a justification for US intervention in the Americas.
Share-cropping- a form of debt that required indentured servant to share a percentage of the crops they produced with the landowning elite. The significance is in the 19th century it contributed to the loss of freed slaves political and civil liberties.
*An economic system introduced after reconstruction.
Reconstruction- a program of political, economic and social reform in the Southern states of the U.S. after the Civil War (1867-1877). The significance is it brought civil rights to freed slaves and voting rights to black men.
Caudillos- regional military leaders in Latin America during the 19th century. The significance is it restored order but brought limited freedom and discouraged republican ideals in Latin America.
Wounded Knee- a conflict in 1890 between the Sioux tribe and U.S cavalry forces. The significance is served as a symbolic conflict and exposed the harsh treatment of native peoples by the U.S.
Concordat- an agreement in 1801 between Napoleon and the pope of the Catholic Church. The significance is that it allowed the state of France to retain Church lands seized during the revolution as well as made the Catholic faith the preferred religion of France.
*Napoleon making nice with the pope and bringing Catholicism back into the mainstream.
Luddites- bands of English handicraft workers led by King Lud (Ludlam). The significance is it caused a series of revolts from 1811-1816 due to the working conditions in factories that involved the destruction of textile machines and demonstrated that workers wanted better treatment and working conditions.
White Man’s Burden- a poem written by Rudyard Kipling in 1899. The significance of the poem was that it helped justify the imperialism of the European, U.S. and Japan on uncivilized and undeveloped countries.
*An idea that the duty of Euro-American nations was to bring order and enlightenment to distant lands.
Sandalwood- a type of wood that had a fragrant scent. The significance was that it was sought after European merchants in Oceania because of the high value it had in China around the 19th century.
Surfs- peasant class of Russia from 16th-19th century. The significance is that it forced the czar to abolish serfdom, which eventually led to the introduction of industrialization in Russia
*Term that literally meant “Bound to the land”
Battle of Omdurman- a battle in 1898 between Sudanese forces and the British Army. The significance is it was a symbol of Imperial powers strength and the military technological advance that European armies had over African forces.
*A clear case of military domintation by an imperialist power over a non-industrialized land that lead to formal colonialization.
Capitulations- an agreement between the European states and the Ottoman Empire in the 19th century. The significance is that it allowed European states to make treaties and agreements that benefitted them politically and economically, especially to European business people.
Crimean War- a war in the 19th century between Russia and a coalition force of British, France, Kingdom of Sardinia and the Ottoman Empire. The significance is it revealed the weaknesses of Russia, which was that there was no industrialization in Russia, which affected them politically and economically.
Opium Wars- a war between the Qing Dynasty and Great Britain from (1839-1842). The significance is it continued the trade of opium in China and was the cause of the unequal treaties in China after that resulted in political and economic lost to Britain and other European states including Japan.
Karl Marx- a German theorists and socialists in the 19th century who was against capitalism. The significance is that Marx was an advocate for the working class, where Marx believed in a fair, just, egalitarian society and the overthrow of capitalism.
Robespierre- a popular radical leader of the Jacobin party during the French Revolution in the late 18th century. The significance was that Robespierre brought France into the Convention era which was the peak of chaos at the time and later led to Napoleon rising to power.
Trail of Tears- a forced march in (1838-1839) where the Cherokee tribe marched 800 miles to Oklahoma. The significance is it was a symbolism of the hardships Native American Indians faced during the U.S. expansion to the West.
*A tragic consequence of Manifest destiny
Demographic Transition-a social change at the start of the 19th century. The significance was that it represented the shifting patterns of fertility and mortality in the industrializing lands due to the living and working conditions families faced during the time.
*A process where nuclear families become the predominant social unit.
Hidalgo- a treaty between the United States and Mexico in 1848. The significance is it gave the U.S. one-half of Mexico’s territory which supported the notion of “Manifest Destiny” and the U.S expansion to the West.
Russo-Japanese War- a war in 1904 between Russia and Japan which resulted in Japanese victory. The significance is the victory over Russian transformed Japan as a major imperial power in East Asia.
*A humiliating defeat for an empire in decline and a rousing victory for an up and coming imperialist power.
1. A series of revolutions broke out in the eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries all over the Atlantic World. Where did they happen? What were some of the factors leading to each one? Who were some of the main players and what were some of the main events? How were the various revolutions similar to each other and how was each one unique? Be sure to provide lots of details that include some dates to support your essay. A. Where did the revolutions occur? I. Americas (Thirteen British colonies) II. France III. Saint-Domingue (Haitian revolution) IV. Latin America (Mexico and South America) B. Factors that lead to revolutions I. Americas: popular sovereignty and individual freedom i. Imposed new taxes on colonies a. Sugar Act (1764) b. Stamp Act (1765) c. Townshend Act (1767) d. Tea Act (1773) e. Quartering Act (1765) II. France: Equality (Politically and Socially) and Individual Freedom i. War debts (half was due to support of American Revolution) ii. Failure of the First and Second estates to reach an agreement with the Third estate on political and social reform iii. This lead to the formation of the National Assembly in 1789. III. Saint-Domingue: popular sovereignty and Individual Freedom i. Gens de couleur “People of color” wanted to socially reform Saint-Dominigue after fighting in the American revolution ii. White colonials wanted to govern themselves when French revolution began but did not want to grant political and social reform to gens de couleur. iii. Slave revolted due to harsh mistreatment by white slave owners. IV. Latin America: popular sovereignty and Equality (Politically only) i. Creoles class ambition to overthrow Peninsulares class but maintain political status and not pursue any social reform ii. Due to weakened leadership because of the problems Spain faced from the French revolution, indigenous people and mestizos in Mexico wanted independence from Spain. iii. Simon Bolivar was for popular sovereignty in South America. C. Countries involved in revolutions and main events that happened I. American Revolution: Great Britain, France, Spain, Netherlands and several German principalities II. Haitian Revolution: France, Great Britain, and Spain III. Latin America: Spain D. How were the various revolutions similar and what made each one unique? I. Similarity a. Enlightenment Ideas were involved in all the revolutions: popular sovereignty, freedom, and equality. II. Uniqueness of each revolution a. American revolution: founding of a new nation in the Americas and inspired the revolutions in Haiti and Latin America b. French revolution: ended the old older in France and later brought about the reign of Napoleon. c. Haitian Revolution: founded a new nation, ended French presence in Americas and was the only successful slave revolt in history. d. Latin America: founding of new nations in South America and weakened Spanish rule in the Americas
3. During the 19th century, newly industrialized nation-states proceeded to colonize or consolidate control over virtually the entire globe. What were the primary motives for imperialism in the 19th century? What were some of the “tools of empire” that made this new imperial era possible? How did imperial powers justify their actions? What do you think about these justifications? Finally, how were indigenous peoples’ lives affected by colonization of their lands? Be sure to use examples from at least three different parts of the world. A. Primary motives for imperialism I. Economic a. Raw materials (this supported the demands of industrialization) i. India: Coffee and Tea ii. Africa: Gold, Ivory and palm oil iii. Pacific: Sugarcane, copra( dried coconut for vegetable oil), nickel, guano (bird dropping for fertilizer) II. Political a. Strategic sites of sea lanes (trade) b. Used as harbors or supply stations for commercial and naval ships c. Inspire patriotism and defuse social tension due to industrialization B. “Tools of Empire” I. Transportation a. Steamships i. British first started building steam powered iron-clad warships: faster than sail ships ii. Lowered cost of trade between imperial powers and subject lands b. Railroads i. Provided faster transportation of raw materials, manufactured goods and people ii. Connected far distant societies or regions together II. Military a. Breech-loading rifles: more accurate and reliable than muskets b. Maxim machine gun: fired 11 bullets per second c. Steam powered warships enabled further travel into rivers that increased projection of firepower III. Communications a. Suez and Panama Canal i. With the introduction of steamships and the canals, messages could be received and responses given quicker than before compared to sail ships and no canals. b. Telegraph i. Submarine cables enabled faster transportation of messages (faster than ships) ii. Telegraph cables were maintained to keep in contact with overseas colonies C. Justification for imperialism I. Cultural a. Jesuits want to introduce Christianity to subject peoples i. Provided officials with information needed to maintain order in colonies ii. Served as distribution center for European manufactured goods II. Scientific Racism a. Four main racial groups with Europeans at the top b. Social Darwinism: introduced the theory of “survival of the fittest” which referred to Europeans III. Popular Racism: a. Europeans, U.S. and Japanese felt a naturally superior to the people of their subject lands D. How were the indigenous people affected? I. India a. Indian Rebellion of 1857: due to rumor of cow and pig fat lubricate in ammo cartridges ( against the Muslim and Hindu faith) which brought an anti- British rule in India b. After rebellion, British officials transformed Indian way of life into the modern British way. II. Africa a. Warfare, enslavement and smallpox disease epidemics either declined or wiped out indigenous tribes b. New language, laws, policies and way of life was changed III. Pacific a. Migration of Europeans (Australia and New Zealand) brought smallpox disease which resulted in the decline of Native tribes b. Brought conflict between settlers and native tribes over land
3. The industrial revolution was perhaps the biggest catalyst for change in modern world history. Write an essay that explains what the industrial revolution was and why it began in England during the 18th century. How did societies change as they industrialized and how did individuals, certain intellectuals, and governments react to these chances?
* The industrial revolution brought about fundamental changes in transportation, textile industry, economy, classes, societies and much more. Britain was the first to industrialize (year) when it spread around the world to Western Europe, North America and Japan, which is the first East Asian country to industrialize. Because of industrialization, Britain as well as other countries were able to get work done such as the production of goods in a faster more efficient way due to the substitution of hand labor with machine labor. The three classes during the industrial revolution are the owner class, middle class, which consisted of engineers and managers and lastly, the working class which consisted of the factory workers.
Karl Marx was a socialist who despised capitalism and envisioned the abolishment of the owner class. He wanted the proletariat on top, which is practically marx’s lingo for the working class. Marxism is basically the economic, social, government beliefs that were advocated by Marxists. At the beginning of the industrial revolution, working conditions were harsh. Workers worked 6 days a week and were severely beaten and punished. The working environment was unsafe as well as child labor. Workers were getting paid low wages. (EXPAND) Because of this government and labor unions worked to better conditions as well as provide security. An example would be a child labor law being put into act which restricts a certain age only being allowed to work. Innovations during the industrial revolution were the cotton gin, spinning jenny, steam boat, steam train, Crompton mule and many more. Innovations made it possible for the industrial growth in the textile industry. Coke was also used which was purified coal. (What was it used
for) Impacts of the industrial revolution would be revolts and demographic transition. Luddites responded to industrialization in a negative manner. They formed bands of craft workers, artisans and destroyed machinery. The blamed such innovations for their unemployment and low wages. As a result 14 of them were hung, which caused the movement to slowly die down. Demographic transition was a marker of industrialization in which the fertility and morality rate decreased. The cost of living increases which may also be a contributing factor as to why people are deciding to have smaller families aside from the use of contraceptives.
==== Marx felt the way he did because of the rigorous working conditions the working class had to live by such as low wages, unsafe working environments.
During the industrial revolution, women, men and children left their homes to work in factories as well as mines. The industrial revolution left a permanent mark I history because it transitioned man power to machine power. It made things easier for everyone and increased the production rate. The industrial revolution paved the way to an emerging technologically innovative life style. It opened the door for future advancements for the betterment of society. In conclusion, the industrial revolution brought about changes which has both a negative and positive impact.