was positively reviewed in British press. Wheatley’s publication was sponsored by the Countess of Huntingdon. Wheatley was a sensation and for the abolitionists a living proof that Africans were people, not property, and capable of intellectual achievements that could be recognized (and lauded) by white society. There is a creditable path of Wheatley's influence through her publication sponsorship by the Countess of Huntingdon, Whealtey's 1773 trip to England, the numerous reviews in the British press, Thomas Clarkson's essay in 1786 citing Wheatley and the connection to William Blake's "The Little Black Boy."
Annotated Bibliography:
Carretta, Vincent. Phillis Wheatley: Biography of a Genius in Bondage. U of Georgia P, 2011. Vincent Carretta is Professor Emeritus at the University of Maryland. Per his biography, he specializes "in eighteenth-century transatlantic historical and literary studies." He has published books on Olaudah Equiano and Phillis Wheatley. His book on Wheatley is the most complete biography of her to date. Chapter 5 in this book covers her visit to England, the context of her visit, who she met with while there, her reception, and the abolitionist context of England at that time. Wheatley would have been a free person had she stayed in England as opposed to returning to America. Carretta discusses this gamble. She died, a freed slave, in Boston, but it was a death of poverty and illness. Her future in England, had she stayed had better prospects. Carretta writes that “interest in her work and her status as a woman writer of color certainly continued in London after her departure” (195). Eight of her poems “appeared in John Wesley’s Methodist Arminian Magazine during the 1780s” (195). Her work remained in the minds of the Abolitionist movement. This book is intended for Wheatley scholars, historians, and those interested in the African narratives impact on England and America.
Henry, Lauren. "Sunshine and Shady Groves: What Blake's 'Little Black Boy' Learned from African Writers." Blake/An Illustrated Quarterly 29 1 (1995): 4-11. paper Henry's paper was presented at the American Conference on Romanticism 1994 Annual Meetings and has since been published in the Blake Quarterly and also been included in a Cambridge University Press book on Romanticism and Colonialism: Writing and Empire, 1780-1830.
Henry explores a possible linkage between Wheatley, especially her poem "An Hymn to the Morning," and Blake's Poem "The Little Black Boy." The essay provides connections between Wheatley's English trip, the reviewers and Blakes. Thomas Clarkson cites Wheatley in his 1786 Essay on the Slavery and Commerce of the Human Species, in which he uses excerpts from four of Wheatley's poems. Henry asserts that Clarkson's essay is a creditable link between Wheatley and Blake. Henry's paper is for Blake Scholars and people interested in English …show more content…
Romanticism.
Isani, Mukhtar Ali. "The British Reception of Wheatley's Poems on Various Subjects." Journal of Negro History 66 2 (1981): 144-49. Mukhtar Ali Isani is Professor of English at the Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia. Isani’s article provides excerpts from the English reviews that are associated with Wheatley's 1773 visit to England. These reviews provide proof that Wheatley was in the literary press in nine or more papers and therefore has some presents in literary circles and discussion. Her visit and the publication of her book was sponsored by the Countess of Huntingdon which could have provide some support or, at least, awareness in the upper class.
Shields, John C. Phillis Wheatley's Poetics of Liberation: Backgrounds and Contexts. U of Tennessee P, 2008.
---. Phillis Wheatley and the Romantics. U of Tennessee P, 2010. John C. Shields is Distinguished Professor of English and the director of the Center for Classicism in American Culture at Illinois State University. Shields has published several books and multiple articles on Wheatley. In Phillis Wheatley and the Romantics he asserts that her "work made a significant impression on Renowned Europeans of the Romantic age." Shields cites specific Wheatley poems that he further asserts "help shape the face of Romanticism." Shields writes, "it is unthinkable that" Wordsworth and Coleridge, both in the abolitionist movement, "could have ignored Wheatley's poems as quoted by Clarkson" (69). Shields relays how Wheatley's poem "On Imagination" was quoted in Gilbert Imlay's "Topographical Description of the Western Territory of North America" with London editions in 1792, 1793, and 1797. Imlay was a contemporary of Clarkson. Shields also states that Imlay was also, for a time, a lover of Mary Wollstonecraft. So perhaps there are other secondary linkages in the Romanticism circle of writers and poets.
Thomas, Helen.
Romanticism and Slave Narratives: Transatlantic Testimonies. University of Cambridge, 2000.
Helen Thomas is lecturer in English at Queen Mary and Westfield College, University of London. Her 2000 text explores the connections between literature produced by slaves and slave owners, with the literature produced by abolitionists and radical dissenters. There is a section specifically on Blakes that directly references "The Little Black Boy." Thomas states the Blake had "stature in the in the development of spiritual discourse and abolitionist polemic" (114). Chapter seven is on Phillis Wheatley, her poems and letters.
Wheatley, Phillis, and G H. Renfro. Life and Works of Phillis Wheatley: Containing Her Complete Poetical Works, Numerous Letters, and a Complete Biography of This Famous Poet of a Century and a Half Ago. Ayer Co., Publishers,
1993.
This is a reprint of Renfro's posthumous 1916 publication, a collection of his essay on Wheatley, a collection of Wheatley correspondence, and a reprint of her 1773 book. Renfro died in 1894. This book appears to be the beginning of a lost process of the rediscovery of Wheatley and the importance of her work. I have used this text as a basic source for Wheatley's original work.