Bibliography: Reinhold, Cassirer. “Once Upon a Time.” Great Britain: Bloomsbury Publishing, 2010.
Bibliography: Reinhold, Cassirer. “Once Upon a Time.” Great Britain: Bloomsbury Publishing, 2010.
Every individual form a part of a social environment in which they may come across many different circumstances, that may affect their way they behave and respond to different scenarios. Starting when their children, they are part of the school community within this community they are exposed to different ideas and ways that people behave many of them that may not agree with what they believe on. Furthermore, the environment in which people grow affects the way that they respond to extreme situations within society, or the way that other people have to interact with them. For instance, Louise Erdrich in her story “The red Convertible” presents to us the story of Henry and Lyman Lamartine…
In the media, black people and black men in particular are villainized and portrayed as disturbed and violent individuals. Statistics of incarceration and crime rates are often cited in rhetoric debasing the black community. Yet in just a few pages, Ta-Nehisi Coates expertly dissects how America’s institutionalized racism and eagerness to turn a blind eye to social issues contributes to the hostile environment many black people occupy in his book Between the World and Me. In his book he talks about the difficulties of being raised in an impoverished and violent neighborhood and his realization that these conditions are remnants of America’s history - such as the over-policing of black Americans and police brutality, which breeds fear and feelings…
They accounted for about 61% of robbery arrest in 87’ as well as 55% of homicide arrests, though they only accounted for 11% of the general population (Sampson 348). As astonishing as those numbers are, they represented the problems which were engulfing the country. Consequently, this violence was causing even more of a racial divide than there was before. For instance, minorities were struggling with money and instead of turning to the path of education and seeking social mobility, most went down the so-called “easy” path. This path leads to drugs, violence, death and general unhappiness. As Sampson continues to explain, “Race is one of the strongest predictors of major social dislocations in American cities. Black communities are characterized by disproportionately high rates of drug addiction, welfare dependence, out-of-wedlock births, teenage pregnancy, and families headed by females (Sampson 348).” The image of the black body at this time was one of savagery, foolishness, and senselessness. Coates was always in fear for his body, he did not know whether someone could take it from him, “I remember being amazed that death could so easily rise up from nothing of a boyish afternoon, billow up like fog (Coates 20).”…
We see in the Western society the race is shown as white people are doctors or lawyers and any other race is considering farmers or lower then that. Race is often shown where the social styles of a career. It comes with the low education people, often served by minority racial groups and immigrants. Since they are connected with employments that don't have a decent wage, it is difficult for them to build their economic and social status by finishing post-secondary school. These racial groups have a tendency to live in the part of town where the poverty level is high, which is really how individuals come to consider them to be “dirty or unclean”, contrasted with the area of town where the residents are predominately white and are center or high class, who have effectively finished post secondary…
To illustrate, he uses the history of New York and how it still “bear[s] the scars of redlining, blockbusting and urban renewal” (para 6). He points out past arrangements and how we have shaped the city in such a way that racism is embedded in society. Why do we still segregate by color and wealth in New York City? We have similar races and classes living in the same area because that is the only possible option they have. They are either poor or, due to their race, they have limited options available to them. Manhattan is a great example of the segregation we still have today, where the larger part of residents are white upper middle class citizens. Bronx and Queens have a larger population of low income of Hispanics and Blacks. We then associate that coming from these poor neighborhoods automatically makes residents poor as well. The amount of funding that goes into these neighborhoods is less compared to the neighborhoods of higher classes. What we create is a scene where normal occurrences are really the results of building for the middle class, essentially blinding us from seeing the injustice. How can we expect to stop racist acts if we, as a city, can’t even see the segregation of our neighborhoods? Racism can be connected to many different aspects, one being how we view ourselves and others based on classes, races and at other times on our…
Groups are assigned to every person that is associated with another individual. No matter when or where, people are trying to fit into a group that they want to belong in. There are stereotypical groups that could be categorized as fobs, hippies, thugs, or socialites. Gender is also an aspect that people judge through generations after generations. Fortunately, the first step to be acknowledged by others is by identifying oneself so that the comfortability level is suitable for the individual in that specific crowd. It is hinted in Middlesex by Jeffrey Eugenides where every man and woman wants to fit into a group where they naturally belong. This is because of the human nature man-kind posses in which the necessity of security can only be achieved when gathered in a pack. However to do so, each individual must self-identify themselves to be recognized. There will be difficulties that one may encounter when not acknowledged by others and the challenges they will face to self-discover their identity. Also, the experiences received from the journey to self discover the similarities and differences from others and how it can change the views of another by the choices one makes. In addition, the significance an individual can bring to the societies perspectives and ways of thinking to broaden their minds. In Jeffrey Eugenides’ Middlesex, the author explores the idea that every situation has an option in which the choices made by the individual will significantly lead them to understand their role in society of how it could be benefitted and the identity of oneself; experiencing the journey to self-discovery .…
Living in a neighborhood of color wherein there is no preference for people with low income, represents a socio-historic process where rising housing costs, public policy, persistent segregation, and racial animus facilitates the influx of violence between black and white menace as a results of residential displacement which is otherwise refer to as gentrification. This has however deprived many citizens of the United States, a good quality of life as it boils down to an argumentative issue between the rich and the poor balance of standard of living. American’s extinction is not necessarily the amount or kind of violence that characterizes our history,” Richard Slotkin writes, “but the…
Evaluate to what extent a) expectancy theory and b) goal theory can explain motivation at work.…
Nowadays, besides the income, motivation is one of the best ways to keep people more productive during their work. Each person might have a different goal as long as they know how to achieve it. According to Williams and McWilliams (2010), ‘motivation is the set of forces that initiates, directs and makes people persist in their efforts to accomplish a goal’. In other words, motivation can become the factor that encourages someone to persist on their stance in order to achieve their goal. It depends on the choices that people make on how much and where to put effort into their jobs. Not only that, as a person that people are working for, the manager must know exactly what are the workers’ needs to be able to satisfy them by providing the opportunities and attractive rewards. In order to find out the practical step relates to this situation, managers are trying to look a bit deeper on their goals, which is known as the concept of expectancy theory. Expectancy theory is a theory that states people will be encouraged widely in which they believe their attempts will bring them to a good performance and more rewards. ‘Expectancy theory says that people will be motivated to the extent to which they believe that their effort will lead to good performance, that good performance will be rewarded and that they will be offered attractive rewards’ (Williams & McWilliams 2010). Altogether, by applying the theory of expectancy, people will be encouraged widely in which they believe that their attempts will bring them to a good performance. At the end, someone will reward their performance by offering attractive rewards. According to expectancy theory, there are three components that play an interactive role in affect people to make conscious choices about their motivation.…
Being in a particular society, men and women feel as if they must behave in a manner that is acceptable to the public. Expectations can be seen as something that is suppose to happen. As well as societal expectations, which are unclear, and unwritten standards, followed by people in a specific environment. They differ for every individual depending on their environment, and culture. One would assume the individual would conform to their societal expectations, but that's not the case. Instead the individual performance reflects the way they are treated by those around them, their identity becomes one in how they are treated by others, essentially they don't have an authentic identity. Looking at Leslie Bell’s article “Selections from Hard to…
The subject of society and its influence is one that has been lamented and explored by many an author. It is not a widely disputed concept that society drives the thought and behavior of individuals within that society. In Both Nadine Gordimer’s “Once Upon a Time” and Shirley Jackson’s “The Lottery” are useful examples where society is the driving force behind the actions of the characters within the stories. This is highlighted by the existence of leaders or icons, usually only one or two in the whole society that had the mental strength and breadth to think in ways outside of the ordinary for the society. They would be perceived as controversial within their society historically, until they managed to provide a thought process so strong, and with such an accessible logic, that it overcame the ideals of that historic society by implanting those beliefs in the thoughts and behaviors of a material volume of society members. The “Lottery” and “Once upon a time” show this throughout the fictional writing. Through these stories, those outside of the norms, and those from the society with the benefit of hindsight, can identify the imperfections and effects of that historic society, but those within it at the time are unable to act independently from its ideals. Gorimer and Jackson use this loss ability to voice personal opinions through society with their stories “Once Upon a Time” and “The Lottery.”…
Expectancy theory refers to the cognitive or mental process of a person in regards to choosing or making a choice. It explains the process a person goes through to make a choice. There are three components to this the Expectancy theory they are Expectancy, Instrumentality, and Valance. The expectancy component is a person’s belief that the effort they put forward will lead to a certain type of performance. The instrumentality component is the belief the performance will lead to some type of reward. The valance component is how the person values the expected reward. I’m in the military and Soldiers expect rewards in the way of awards and promotions. We receive medals, ribbons, and certificates of appreciation for our accomplishments. We are also recommended for promotions due to our job performance.…
The Expectancy Theory of Motivation is as a technique of motivation that looks at a way to motivate and engage an individual or group. If an individual or group is motivated to do a task it will show in their performance. Finding what motivates can lead to them putting in more effort which leads to batter performance which leads to the reward that motivated them in the beginning. There are three components or relations in the Expectancy theory of motivate; effort, performance and reward. Each components has a relation with another.…
The three components and relationships in the Expectancy Theory of Motivation are the expectancy component which relates to the effort –performance relationship, the instrumentality theory component which relates to the performance-reward relationship, and the valence theory component which relates to the rewards-personal goals relationship.…
The expectancy theory of motivation suggests that the way a person acts is based on the assumption of what the outcome will be. The employee will exert more effort if it is believed that the reward will satisfy a specific personal goal or specific achievement. An example of this type of behavior would be to volunteer for extra work at the office in an effort to be considered for the next promotion.…