How to Improve Spoken English
how How to Improve Your Spoken English
Advice for Struggling Students
Written by F.J. Noonan
How to Improve Your Spoken English
Table of Contents
INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................ 3 Aptitude ................................................................................................ 3 Motivation .............................................................................................. 3 More than Diligence .............................................................................. 5 COMPREHENSIBLE INPUT .......................................................................... 7 A Brief History of Linguistic Theory ..................................................... 7 Listening ................................................................................................. 8 Gaining Access to Comprehensible Input ............................................ 9 Strategies ............................................................................................... 11 THE ROLE OF COMMUNICATION .............................................................. 13 Why is Communication Helpful? .......................................................... 13 Whom Will I Speak With? ..................................................................... 14 Finding Opportunities to Interact ……………………………………….. 15 Strategies ............................................................................................... 16 Saving Face ............................................................................................ 17 LEARNING GRAMMAR .................................................................................. 18 Tips for Grammar Study ....................................................................... 19 CONCLUSION ................................................................................................. 20 REFERENCES
Advice for Struggling Students
Written by F.J. Noonan
How to Improve Your Spoken English
Table of Contents
INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................ 3 Aptitude ................................................................................................ 3 Motivation .............................................................................................. 3 More than Diligence .............................................................................. 5 COMPREHENSIBLE INPUT .......................................................................... 7 A Brief History of Linguistic Theory ..................................................... 7 Listening ................................................................................................. 8 Gaining Access to Comprehensible Input ............................................ 9 Strategies ............................................................................................... 11 THE ROLE OF COMMUNICATION .............................................................. 13 Why is Communication Helpful? .......................................................... 13 Whom Will I Speak With? ..................................................................... 14 Finding Opportunities to Interact ……………………………………….. 15 Strategies ............................................................................................... 16 Saving Face ............................................................................................ 17 LEARNING GRAMMAR .................................................................................. 18 Tips for Grammar Study ....................................................................... 19 CONCLUSION ................................................................................................. 20 REFERENCES
References: Batstone, Rob. (1996). Key Concepts in ELT: Noticing. ELT Journal, Volume 50/3, 8 paragraphs. Available: http://www3.oup.co.uk/eltj/hdb/Volume_50/Issue_03/freepdf/500273.pdf Brook, Andrew and Edina Torlakovic. The Role of Consciousness in Second Language Acquisition. 40 paragraphs. Available: http://www.cognitivesciencesociety.org/confproc/gmu02/final_ind_files/torlako vic_brook.pdf Brown, James Dean. (2001). Using Surveys in Language Programs. UK: Cambridge University Press. Cross, Jeremy. (December 2002) ‘Noticing’ in SLA: Is it a Valid Concept? TESL-EJ. Vol. 6, No.3. Available: http://www-writing.berkeley.edu/TESLEJ/ej23/a2.html Ellis, Rod. Options in Grammar Teaching (Speech Notes). Available: http://www.tki.org.nz/r/esol/esolonline/teachers/prof_read/rod_ellis_e.php Ellis, Rod. (2001). Second Language Acquisition: The Role of Consciousness. Lecture given at National Chengchi University, Taiwan. Available: http://english.nccu.edu.tw/academic/RodEllis/Lect1.doc Ellis, Rod. (2002). The Place of Grammar Instruction in the Second/Foreign Language Curriculum. In Fotos, Sandra and Eli Hinkel (Eds.), New Perspectives on Grammar Teaching in Second Language Classrooms (pp. 1734). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc. Ellis, Rod. (1997). Second Language Acquisition. New York: Oxford University Press. Gan, Zhengdong, Gillian Humphreys, and Liz Hampton-Lyons. (2004). “Understanding Successful and Unsuccessful EFL Students in Chinese Universities.” The Modern Language Journal. Vol 88, no 2. 21 This document may be reproduced and distributed freely. However, the contents must not be changed. How to Improve Your Spoken English Hadley, Alice Omaggio. (1993). Teaching Language in Context. USA: Heinle & Heinle Publishers. Krashen, Stephen. (2002). “The Comprehension Hypothesis and Its Rivals.” Selected papers from the International Symposium on English Language Teaching/Fourth Pan-Asian Conference. Taipei: Crane Publishing Company. Available: http://www.azusausd.k12.ca.us/bilingual/pdf%5CKrashen89.pdf Krashen, Stephen. (1985). The Input Hypothesis: Issues and Implications. New York: Longman Press. Language Learning. Krashen, Stephen. (1981). Second Language Acquisition and Second Pergamon Press. Also available on-line: http://www.sdkrashen.com/SL_Acquisition_and_Learning/index.html Mitchell, Rosamond and Florence Myles. (1998). Second Language Learning Theories. Great Britain: Oxford University Press. Norris-Holt, Jacqueline. (2001). Motivation as a Contributing Factor in Second Language Acquisition. The Internet TESL Journal. Vol. VII, No. 6. Available: http://iteslj.org/Articles/Norris-Motivation.html Richard-Amato, Patricia. (1996). Making It Happen: Interaction in the Second Language Classroom. White Plains, NY: Addison-Wesley Publishing Group. Sysoyev, Pavel V. (1999). Integrative L2 Grammar Teaching: Exploration, Explanation and Expression. The Internet TESL Journal. Vol. V, No. 6. Available: http://iteslj.org/Articles/Sysoyev-Integrative.html 22 This document may be reproduced and distributed freely. However, the contents must not be changed.