In a political atmosphere where homosexuality has become trendy, and those opposing it citing religious freedom are criticized, a debate has arisen between parties both for and against this exercise of religious freedom. Issues stem from the applications of personal religious freedom and their applications to business. This position has become increasingly difficult for courts to rule on, especially given the supreme court ruling on the legalization of same sex marriage which pushed this debate on religious freedom into the living room of America and out of court. The debate has captivated the interests of individuals in the US, even those without strong feelings for or against, given the conundrum that has arisen between the clash of religious freedom and personal expression. The question remains, should the views of an individual entitle them to discriminate when when conducting business with another, and in a union founded upon the separation between…
This is because a human life is valued more than any other subject used in clinical trials. In order to ensure the efficacy and legitimacy of treatment, human subjects are the most accurate compared to animals. Human subjects cultivate concrete information and data necessary for the improvement of medicine and health care as a whole. Baillie, McGeehan, T.M. Garrett, and R.M. Garrett (2013) stated, “…human experimentation is necessary for medical progress. Animal testing is useful, but it cannot provide the final word on either safety or efficacy” (p. 300). On the contrary, this does not excuse the researcher from disregarding a clinical participant’s life and safety. According to Baillie et al. (2013), humans are not objects that are used however the researcher desires (p. 293). Human experimentation, conversely, has a long history of abuse. Many rules and guidelines have been set in place to prevent researchers from taking advantage of human subjects all in the name of “science”. Due to these unfortunate events, Institutional Review Boards (IRBs) have been established to protect and oversee the organization and conduction of human experimentation (Baillie et al., 2013). One historical event that led to the development of stringent biomedical experimentation rules and guidelines was the Tuskegee syphilis research experiment (Head, 2012). This experiment was widely acknowledged and is known as…
When conducting any kind of research study involving humans, basic rights play an important role throughout the course of the study. The first semester of classes for almost all medical professionals stresses the patient’s rights. According to Polit and Beck (2012), the Belmont Report focused mainly on the ethical standards of research which included “beneficence, respect for human dignity, and justice.” Beneficence basically means to do is good for the patient and is a way to protect the patient’s from harm. These essential standards of conduct for research were completely ignored or violated during the Tuskegee study. The patients involved in the study were not treated with respect. It was almost as if they were seen as subhuman by the researchers. When medication was available to treat, and actually cure, the condition it was withheld from these patients without reason or rationale. These patients were not thoroughly informed of the reason for the study nor were they educated on the effects of the disease would have on…
In the past, scientists have done very unwise and unimaginable experiments with humans as the test subject. Like in 1932, the public health service was working to find treatment for syphilis in the african american race.They had 600 black men, 399 with syphilis and 201 that did not have the disease. Without the patient's knowing that they were contracted with syphilis, scientists told the men that they were being treated for “bad blood”. But really they were not given the right treatment to cure their illness. Also in exchange the men received free medical exams, free meals, and burial insurance, which is like life insurance. But in 1968 this research raised concern for peter buxton and others, so they wrote a news article about what these…
One of todays biggest ethical dilemmas can be found in the Medical field. We all turn our heads away and cringe when we hear the term "human test subjects", as the past has been dark and far from any morality in this domain; yet we do not cease to use the findings of the sadistic experiments. Researchers now use mice and other animals which can show the effects a(n) medication/evolution/disease may have on humans. But I find testing on clueless animals immoral.…
Experimentations on humans have always been met with some degree of suspicion in America. Yet, history recalls several incidents which implicated well –established agencies that have been involved. One such embarrassing incident took place at Tuskegee. This is the story of “Miss Evers Boys.” It has come to symbolize racism in medicine, ethical misconduct in human research, paternalism by physicians and government abuse of vulnerable people.…
Has there ever been something that others can do or they are good at and you wish you could be as good? Well if so that's just like Charlie Gordon. In the science fiction story “Flowers for Algernon” by Daniel Keyes is about a mentally challenged 37 year old named Charlie Gordon. Charlie gets the opportunity of a lifetime when he is offered to get a surgery that may triple his I.Q. All Charlie has ever wanted was to be accepted by society. He felt that he wasn’t accepted because he wasn’t intelligent enough.This surgery may allow him to be accepted.Charlie should have got the artificial intelligence surgery (A.I) because he realized his “friends” were bullies, he was able to experience emotions, he got to know what it felt like to have his…
In conclusion, The Tuskegee Experiments is a scar that will forever remind scientist why we uphold moral and ethical standards. It is astounding that the experiments on a few hundred black men, with untreated syphilis, could go on for so long. Because of the coercion and deception of the test subjects, consent forms were mandatory. It is sad to look back at these experiments and know that nothing was gained that could not have been known through moral means. There is not one single thread of knowledge that humans must ascertain if it means others have to…
In 1971 the DHEW (Department of Health Education and Welfare) published a document (the institutional Guide to DHEW Policy on Protection of Human subjects) which was known as the "Yellow Book" 4 (by its cover) which included its guidelines and requirements for the realization of Human clinical trials, and comments on how the When the Tuskegee study was published on the cover of the "New York Times", the DHEW designated an ad hoc group to review the study, as well as the Department's policies and procedures for the protection of human beings. What is striking is that the regulation of the DHEW was in force during the last years of the study of Tuskegee, but it had to be a journalist who took the subject to the light, and the experiment was not immediately suspended, but only when they finished the deliberations of This group. In fact, the Panel also recommended that Congress establish "a permanent body with the authority to regulate at least all federally supported research involving human beings." And he mentioned that despite the lessons of Nuremberg, the case of the injection of cancer cells to patients in the "Jewish Chronic Disease Hospital", and the Helsinki Declaration, the supervision of research with subjects and the mechanisms that ensure the Informed consent were still insufficient and new approaches were needed to adequately protect human rights and well-being.equirements should be understood and…
For instance, because the experimental subjects were never given treatment, “scores of people died painful deaths, and others became permanently blind or insane, and the children of several were born with congenital Syphilis” (Brandt 1). Many researchers explained opinions contradictory to the conducting scientists’ opinions of the study regarding human ethics, such as Dr. J. E. Moore who wrote, “treatment markedly diminishes the risk from Syphilis” (Brandt 5). Since the patients were kept untreated by the USPHS, “as the Oslo Study had shown, untreated Syphilis led to to cardiovascular disease, insanity, and premature death”(Brandt 5). Though the results of experimentation may be reliable, the unjust, unrighteous, and inconsiderate acts performed by the conductors of the Tuskegee Study and the many researchers’ opinions regarding human ethics that contradicted the acts of the Tuskegee study caused it to have a disrespected reputation for the long…
How would you feel getting chemicals dropped into your eyes and on your skin, being confined into a small cell waiting to be tortured? Now why is it fair to do this to animals? There are so many reasons why animals should not be used for scientific research. Animal testing is unethical, and completely immoral. Not to mention it is unnecessary and there are many newly developed options that avoid animal cruelty. Additionally, animal testing has been proven to be ineffective and inaccurate.…
Many people wonder, how could I become smarter? If you were told you could increase your intelligence, would you? To increase your intelligence, there is a special operation on the brain to make you smarter! However the procedure to improve overall intelligence may bring with it serious, adverse consequences. After all, do you really want to become more intelligent when you have a good quality life of your own? To have this surgery could be a good thing and a bad thing. Doctors and Scientists should and shouldn’t tamper with intelligence. What do you thing are the pros and cons of scientists tampering with improving human intelligence? You’re about to find out.…
The study chosen is the Tuskegee experiment, which was an unethical study. The study is considered unethical because it is a symbol of medical misconduct and it also had a blatant disregard for human rights. The physicians who performed this experiment failed to obtain informed consent from their subjects, and the participants were only poor black Americans, which indicated that the selection of the subjects were not equitable.…
Hi my name is Bryson Yelle, and I am on the affirmative side of this debate and I shall be explaining why human experimentation is ethical. Human experimentation Over the years has saved us, for example the polio vaccine. The polioVirus happened around the early 1940s to the late 1950s, and many of thousands were dying because of it until a man named Jonas salk started his human experimentation in 1952 and released it to the US in 1955. His experimentation killed at around 11 people, but saved thousands. Another reason would be that some or most people think it's smarter to test on animals instead of humans, but you need to keep in mind that animals have way different immune systems than us, like for example if you were to inject…
All throughout history, science has pushed the boundaries on what is possible in this world. When thinking of a scientist, people tend to visualize a frail older man wearing lab coat with wild, graying hair while carrying an oddly shaped beaker of some colored liquid in his hand. One would imagine that he is pondering some complicated theorem, or simply mixing colorful solutions together in his lab. For many of us, we cannot imagine that he would ever do anything that could potentially harm others; not with all of the standards and codes that are in place today. In order for a scientist to experiment on another person in any way, they much first receive what is called “informed consent” from the subject. To do so, the scientist must inform the research subject of all possible risks, or any other information that could potentially affect their ability to make a knowledgeable decision as to whether or not they are willing to participate in the study. What many do not realize is that there was once a time when such rules did not exist. Prior to the establishment of human and civil rights, and even for some time afterwards, scientists have historically been willing to sacrifice whoever they needed to in order to quench their seemingly insatiable thirst for knowledge.…