Humanities Study Guide

Humanities Midterm Exam
Study Guide
Ancient Religion
Polytheistic Mainly
Gods were immortal but have human forms & personalities
Early Sculptures
Willendorf Woman
Standing Man
Mesopotamia
Modern Day Iran
“Land between rivers.”
Agriculture was fully developed here first
Beginning of Bronze Age
Different Civilizations
Sumerians
King Gilgamesh
Had city-states
Each city-state had its own ruler and god
King served as intermediary between local god and people
Buildings clustered around god’s temple
Akkadians
King Sargon I, and his grandson/successor Naram-Sin, conquered Sumer
The heads of the Sumerian city states became slaves to the king of Akkad
He became a god to them
Babylonians
Hammurabi
Law Code of Hammurabi
Assyrians
Persians
Ancient Literature
Epic of Gilgamesh
Gilgamesh and the Bible: Two Flood Stories
Ancient Egyptian religion
Polytheistic
Nile River was worshipped as a deity
Karma- means action; involves a kind of moral cause and effect
The Afterlife
Mummification
Pyramids = burial ground w/ all materials & supplies needed for afterlife
Book of the Dead
Spells out the procedures the dead had to use before being admitted into the Field of Reeds
Where that soul was judged
Ancient Greek Civilizations
Cycladic
Minoan
Mycenaen
Archaic
Classical
Hellenistic
Trojan War
Trojans and Greeks
Over Helen of Troy
How did the war end?
Trojan Horse
Aristotle
Logic included an analysis of the basic categories used to describe the natural world
Distinguished between “what is” and “how it is what it is”
Syllogism
Series of logically related statements consisting of a major premise, a minor premise, and a conclusion
Ex: “All philosophers are mortal. Socrates is a philosopher, Socrates therefore is mortal.”
Greek Columns
Doric
Ionic
Corinthian
Greek Plays
Comedy
Tragedy
Male Sculptures
Greeks began a civilization called
Polis (City States)
Roman Civilizations
They were Etruscan before they were Romans
Spoke Latin
Roman Republic and then Empire
3 Basic forms of Political Regime
Monarchy, Republic, Empire
Augustus
Founder of Roman Empire
Social Policies
Revitalized the institution of marriage in Roman Life
Encouraged larger families
Criminalized adultery and passed laws to promote marriage
Required men between ages of 25 and 60, Women between 25 and 50, divorcees 6 months, and widows a year to be married
Denied inheritances to childless men and women or required them to pay higher taxes
Granted nobility political advantages according to the size of the families
Feudalism
Social structure of medieval Europe
Kings, Nobles, Surfs
You did not move up the social ladder
Romanesque
Heavy & Dark Churches
Rounded Arches
Gothic
Gargoyles & Sculptures
Pointed Arches
Stained Glass windows
Tell Stories
Gregorian Chant Music
What made it possible for Churches to rise higher and higher?
Flying Buttresses
100 Years War
France vs. England
William Duke of Normandy was a vassal to French King
He took England and is now the English King
Basically a war between kings
Dark Ages
Pilgrims
Religion played a major role
Churches were the biggest buildings
Holy Roman Empire
Division between Church and State
Guilds
Purpose
Controlled the training of apprentices & crafts people, set wages, and supervised contracts & other aspects of business
What is it?
Association of artisans and crafts people that regulated the quality of work produced in various trades
University
Why would you go?
3 Options
Medicine, Law, Theology
Males Only
Education, to become more well rounded
Magna Carta
Signed by English King, John
What is it?
First official document to set limits on royal authority
“No free man will be imprisoned, dispossessed, outlawed, or exiled without judgment of his equals, according to the law of the land
Rights must always be fought for, they are never given to you
Trial by jury Plagues
Black Death
Bubonic- infected lymph nodes
Pneumonic- infected the lungs
Septicemic- infected the blood
Truverse & Troubadours
Musicians who sang about courtly love songs
Christine De Pazan
Female Scholar
Court Advisor
Wanted women to grow, self
Believed in “Nobility of Soul”
Hinduism & Buddhism
How are they different?
Buddhism- This life is suffering, and the only way to escape from this suffering is to dispel one's cravings and ignorance by practicing the Eightfold Path.
Hindu- To follow dharma, i.e. eternal laws
Dharma= duty, doing your duty
Roman Empire
How did it fall?
The Pope
Charlemagne
Stoicism
Peace, how to have peace in the world
Life consists of suffering, imperfections, & impermanence
The cause of life’s suffering is selfishness
Suffering and selfishness can be ended (Nirvana= extinguishment)
The answer to life’s problems lies in the Eightfold path
Marcus Aurelius
Promoted the idea of peace or stoicism
Philosophical Emperor
Gentle & Wise
Covenant
An agreement or contract between God and humans
3 Major Abrahamic Religions
Christianity
Catholic – 1 Pope
Orthodox- 5 Patriarchs
Protestantism – 1 Priest
Judaism
Messiah or Christ- person who will save the people
Islam
Sunni
Shia
Sufi
5 Pillars of Islam
Patronage in the Roman Empire
Someone supporting another by giving them materials they need for a cause
Roman Stratifications
Patricians= land owning aristocrats with special rights/privileges who served as priests, magistrates, lawyers and judges
Plebeians= poorer class individuals who tilled the land, herded livestock, and worked for wages. Had no rights and depended on patricians for support
Julius Caesar
Murdered
“I came. I saw. I conquered.” Viti Vitchi
Roman Empires
Self-sufficient
“War is peace” = Foreign Policy of Rome
Pietas
Shame and Honor, Chivalry
You owe your life to your eldest father
Divination
Cicero
“Nothing for which you do not year, troubles you.” Cicero
Practice of determining the hidden significance or cause of events, sometimes foretelling the future, by various natural, psychological, and other techniques
How does it play in religion?
Concerned about discovering the will of the gods
Tao
Concerned with morality and ethical behavior
It is as much as a philosophy as a religion
Its mysterious and mystical, cannot be define
Confucianism
Virtues of self control, propriety, and filial piety
Began with individual instead of society
4 qualities were valued—Li, Jen, Te, and Wen. (pg. 32)
*Taoism and Confucianism are the Yin and Yang, the complementary forces of Chinese religious philosophy
Literacy Rates between Civilizations
No one had an education
Monks were basically the only ones know knew how to read and write