Ict S07

CURRENT AND FUTURE DEVELOPMENT IN
NETWORKS AND COMMUNICATIONS
2013

NAME : ABD FATAN NADHIR BIN ABDUL RAZAK
FORM : 5 GIGIH
IC : 961117-06-5151
TEACHER NAME : TEACHER MAGDALINA
GROUP MEMBERS :

Contents Details | PAGE | 1. Introduction | 3 | 2. Mobile Computing 3.1. Definition 3.2. Specification, services, and frequencies of Mobile Computing | 334 | 3. Internet Technology and Services3.1 VoIP3.2 BLOG | 778 | 4. Types of network4.1 PAN4.2 VPN4.3 WLAN4.4 WIMAX | 1010101011 | 5. Conclusion | 12 | 6. REFERENCES | 13 |

1.0 INTRODUCTION
(Computer Networks and Communications)
A computer network is a telecommunications network that allows computers to exchange data. The physical connection between networked computing devices is established using either cable media or wireless media. The best-known computer network is the Internet.
Network devices that originate, route and terminate the data are called network nodes.[1] Nodes can include hosts such as servers and personal computers, as well as networking hardware. Two devices are said to be networked when a process in one device is able to exchange information with a process in another device.
Computer networks support applications such as access to the World Wide Web, shared use of application and storage servers, printers, and fax machines, and use of email and instant messaging applications. The remainder of this article discusses local area network technologies and classifies them according to the following characteristics: the physical media used to transmit signals, the communications protocols used to organize network traffic, along with the network's size, its topology and its organizational intent.

2.0 Mobile Computing
2.1 Definition
Mobile computing is human–computer interaction by which a computer is expected to be transported during normal usage. Mobile computing involves mobile communication, mobile hardware, and mobile software. Communication issues include ad-hoc and infrastructure networks as well as communication properties, protocols, data formats and concrete technologies. Hardware includes mobile devices or device components. Mobile software deals with the characteristics and requirements of mobile applications.

2.2 Specification, services, and frequencies of Mobile Computing
(based on one product e.g. PDA, 3G mobile phone)
Samsung Galaxy Note II N7100

SPECIFICATION | NETWORK/BEARER AND WIRELESS CONNECTIVITY * HSPA+21 * EDGE / GPRS (850 / 900 / 1800 / 1900MHZ) * HSPA+21 * WiFi a/b/g/n HT40 * Wi-Fi Direct available * Bluetooth technology v 4.0 (Apt-X Codec support) LE * NFC available * USB 2.0 HOST, MHL * KIES, KIES Air supportCHIPSET * Quad Core Processor * 1.6GHz CPU SpeedSENSORS * Accelerometer, Geo-magnetic, Gyro-sensor, Light Sensor, Proximity Sensor, Barometer availableBATTERY * Upto 17Hr (3G) * 3100mAh Battery * USB Chargeable * Upto 510hours (3G)AUDIO AND VIDEO * Video Format : MPEG4, H.263, H.264, VC-1, DivX, WMV7, WMV8, WMV9, VP8 * Full HD (1080p) Video Playback available * Recording up to 30fps * Audio Format : MP3, OGG, WMA, AAC, ACC+, eAAC+, AMR (NB, WB), MIDI, WAV, AC-3, FlacOS * Android 4.1 (JellyBean)MEMORY * 16GB Memory*PHYSICAL SPECIFICATION * 151.1 x 80.5 x 9.4mm * 182.5g WeightLOCATION * Assisted GPS / GLONASS availableDISPLAY * HD sAMOLED * 5.55" (140.9mm) * HD (1280 x 720) * S Pen availableCAMERA * 8 Megapixels Camera Resolution (Rear) * 1.9 Megapixels Camera Resolution (Front) * Flash-LED available * Auto Focus availableCONNECTORS * USB v2.0 Host * 3.5mm Stereo Earjack * MicroSD External Memory Slot (Upto 64GB) * 3FF supported * Micro USB (5V, 2A) * MHL available | SERVICES | * Samsung Apps available * Music Hub available * Readers Hub available * Game Hub available * ChatON available * ActiveSync available * B-to-B Compability : Sybase / Webex / Device encryption / Cisco etc. | FREQUENCIES | * EDGE / GPRS (850 / 900 / 1800 / 1900MHZ) * HSDPA : 900/2100 MHz |

3.0 Internet Technology and Services
3.1 VOIP
Voice over IP (voice over Internet Protocol, VoIP) is a methodology and group of technologies for the delivery of voice communications and multimedia sessions over Internet Protocol (IP) networks, such as the Internet. Other terms commonly associated with VoIP are IP telephony, Internet telephony, voice over broadband (VoBB), broadband telephony, IP communications, and broadband phone service.
The term Internet telephony specifically refers to the provisioning of communications services (voice, fax, SMS, voice-messaging) over the public Internet, rather than via the public switched telephone network (PSTN). The steps and principles involved in originating VoIP telephone calls are similar to traditional digital telephony, and involve signaling, channel setup, digitization of the analog voice signals, and encoding. Instead of being transmitted over a circuit-switched network, however, the digital information is packetized and transmission occurs as Internet Protocol (IP) packets over a packet-switched network. Such transmission entails careful considerations about resource management different from time-division multiplexing (TDM) networks.
Early providers of voice over IP services offered business models and technical solutions that mirrored the architecture of the legacy telephone network. Second generation providers, such as Skype, have built closed networks for private user bases, offering the benefit of free calls and convenience, while potentially charging for access to other communication networks, such as the PSTN. This has limited the freedom of users to mix-and-match third-party hardware and software. Third generation providers, such as Google Talk have adopted the concept of federated VoIP – which is a departure from the architecture of the legacy networks. These solutions typically allow dynamic interconnection between users on any two domains on the Internet when a user wishes to place a call.
VoIP systems employ session control and signaling protocols to control the signaling, set-up, and tear-down of calls. They transport audio streams over IP networks using special media delivery protocols that encode voice, audio, video with audio codecs and video codecs as Digital audio by streaming media. Various codecs exist that optimize the media stream based on application requirements and network bandwidth; some implementations rely on narrowband and compressed speech, while others support high fidelity stereo codecs. Some popular codecs include μ-law and a-law versions of G.711, G.722 which is a high-fidelity codec marketed as HD Voice by Polycom, a popular open source voice codec known as iLBC, a codec that only uses 8 kbit/s each way called G.729, and many others.
VoIP is available on many smartphones, personal computers, and on Internet access devices. Calls and SMS text messages may be sent over 3G or Wi-Fi.
3.2 BLOG
A blog (a contraction of the words web log)[1] is a discussion or informational site published on the World Wide Web and consisting of discrete entries ("posts") typically displayed in reverse chronological order (the most recent post appears first). Until 2009 blogs were usually the work of a single individual, occasionally of a small group, and often covered a single subject. More recently "multi-author blogs" (MABs) have developed, with posts written by large numbers of authors and professionally edited. MABs from newspapers, other media outlets, universities, think tanks, interest groups and similar institutions account for an increasing quantity of blog traffic. The rise of Twitter and other "microblogging" systems helps integrate MABs and single-author blogs into societal newstreams. Blog can also be used as a verb, meaning to maintain or add content to a blog.
The emergence and growth of blogs in the late 1990s coincided with the advent of web publishing tools that facilitated the posting of content by non-technical users. (Previously, a knowledge of such technologies as HTML and FTP had been required to publish content on the Web.)
A majority are interactive, allowing visitors to leave comments and even message each other via GUI widgets on the blogs, and it is this interactivity that distinguishes them from other static websites. In that sense, blogging can be seen as a form of social networking. Indeed, bloggers do not only produce content to post on their blogs, but also build social relations with their readers and other bloggers. There are high-readership blogs which do not allow comments, such as Daring Fireball.
Many blogs provide commentary on a particular subject; others function as more personal online diaries; others function more as online brand advertising of a particular individual or company. A typical blog combines text, images, and links to other blogs, Web pages, and other media related to its topic. The ability of readers to leave comments in an interactive format is an important contribution to the popularity of many blogs. Most blogs are primarily textual, although some focus on art (art blogs), photographs (photoblogs), videos (video blogs or "vlogs"), music (MP3 blogs), and audio (podcasts). Microblogging is another type of blogging, featuring very short posts. In education, blogs can be used as instructional resources. These blogs are referred to as edublogs.
On 16 February 2011, there were over 156 million public blogs in existence. On 13 October 2012, there were around 77 million Tumblr and 56.6 million WordPress blogs in existence worldwide. According to critics and other bloggers, Blogger is the most popular blogging service used today.

4.0 Types of network.
4.1 PAN
A personal area network (PAN) is a computer network used for communication among computerized devices, including telephones and personal digital assistants. PANs can be used for communication among the personal devices themselves (intrapersonal communication), or for connecting to a higher level network and the Internet (an uplink). A wireless personal area network (WPAN) is a PAN carried over wireless network technologies such as IrDA, Wireless USB, Bluetooth, Z-Wave, ZigBee, or even Body Area Network. The reach of a WPAN varies from a few centimeters to a few meters. A PAN may also be carried over wired computer buses such as USB and FireWire.
4.2 VPN
A virtual private network (VPN) extends a private network across a public network, such as the Internet. It enables a computer to send and receive data across shared or public networks as if it were directly connected to the private network, while benefitting from the functionality, security and management policies of the private network. This is done by establishing a virtual point-to-point connection through the use of dedicated connections, encryption, or a combination of the two.
A VPN connection across the Internet is similar to a wide area network (WAN) link between the sites. From a user perspective, the extended network resources are accessed in the same way as resources available from the private network.
VPNs allow employees to securely access their company's intranet while traveling outside the office. Similarly, VPNs securely and cost effectively connect geographically disparate offices of an organization creating one cohesive virtual network. VPN technology is also used by ordinary Internet to connect to proxy servers for the purpose of protecting one's identity.
4.3 WLAN
A wireless local area network (WLAN) links two or more devices using some wireless distribution method (typically spread-spectrum or OFDM radio), and usually providing a connection through an access point to the wider Internet. This gives users the mobility to move around within a local coverage area and still be connected to the network. Most modern WLANs are based on IEEE 802.11 standards, marketed under the Wi-Fi brand name. WLANs were once called LAWNs (for local area wireless network) by the Department of Defense.
Wireless LANs have become popular in the home due to ease of installation, and in commercial complexes offering wireless access to their customers; often for free. New York City, for instance, has begun a pilot program to provide city workers in all five boroughs of the city with wireless Internet access.
4.4 WIMAX
WiMAX (Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access) is a wireless communications standard designed to provide 30 to 40 megabit-per-second data rates, with the 2011 update providing up to 1 Gbit/s for fixed stations. The name "WiMAX" was created by the WiMAX Forum, which was formed in June 2001 to promote conformity and interoperability of the standard. The forum describes WiMAX as "a standards-based technology enabling the delivery of last mile wireless broadband access as an alternative to cable and DSL".

5.0 CONCLUSION
The Native Computer Communications Network Project was a good example of how a focus on creating a network of computers does not necessarily ensure the interpersonal networking of the potential users of that technology. If the people were not communicating with each other before, developing another method of communication doesn't mean they'll start.

REFERENCES http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_network http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_computing http://www.gsmarena.com http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voice_over_Internet_Protocol http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blog http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personal_area_network http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtual_private_network http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wireless_LAN http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wimax http://www.samsung.com/uk/consumer/mobile-devices/smartphones/android/GT-N7100RWDBTU-spec http://www.fonearena.com/samsung-galaxy-note-2_2297.html http://wiki.answers.com/Q/What_is_the_conclusion_of_computer_network_and_communication
http://rmmict.blogspot.com/p/kerja-kursus-ict.html