Implementation of Distributed Generation in the Dutch Lv Network

| Implementation of Distributed Generation in the Dutch LV Network | Towards a Self-Supporting Residential Area | | | |

Conceptverslag |

Content Preface 1 1. Summary 4 2. Introduction 8 Part A: Background Information 3. New Scenario of Distributed Generation 10 3.1 Opportunities 10 3.2 Challenges for the network operator 11 3.3 Alternative Operational Approach 13

Part B Case Study Approach 4. The Integrated System 15 4.1 The low voltage network 16 4.2 The Generators 17 4.2.1 Stirling Engine Combined Heat and Power 17 4.2.2 Photovoltaic Arrays 18 4.3 Battery energy storage 18 5. The Scenarios 20 6. The Energy Balance 23 6.1 Demand-Side 23 6.2 Supply-Side 23 6.2.1 Heat Supply 24 6.2.2 Electricity Supply 24 6.3 Battery Energy Storage 26 7. The Assessment 27

Part C: Case Study Results 8. The Energy Balance 29 8.1 Demand-Side 29 8.1.1 Heat Demand 29 8.1.2 Electricity Demand 34 8.1.3 Heat and Electricity Demand Profiles 35 8.2 Supply-Side 36 8.2.1 Heat Supply 37 8.2.2 Results Heat Supply 40 8.2.3 Electricity Supply 42 8.2.4 Results Electricity Supply 45 8.3 Battery Energy Storage 47 8.3.1 Peak Power 48 8.3.2 Capacity 49 9. The Assessment 52 9.1 Reversed power flow 53 9.2 System Losses 54 9.3 Voltage levels 55 9.4 Transformer loads 57 10. Discussion 58 10.1 Generator Control 58 10.2 Storage Control 59 10.3 Increase photovoltaic power 60 10.4 Question Marks 61 11. Conclusion 62 12. Recommendations 64 References 65 Nomenclature 67

Appendices Appendix A Demand-Side 68 Appendix A1 Heat Demand 68 Appendix A2. Electricity Demand 68 Appendix A3. Sources Demand Surveys 69 Appendix B (Heat-)Power Balance 69 Appendix C. Electrical Power Profiles Detached House 70 Appendix D Vision Macro 73 Appendix E Battery Energy Storage 76 Appendix E.1 Average scenario in January 76 Appendix E2 Average scenario in April 77 Appendix E3

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