References: Fow, N.R. (1998). Partner-focused reversal in couples therapy. Psychotherapy: Theory, Research, Practice, Training. 35(2), 231-237.…
| Psychodynamic Therapy seeks to bring unresolved past conflicts and unacceptable impulses from the unconscious into the conscious, where patients may deal with the problems more effectively (Feldman, 2010, p. 430).…
The Dunning-Kruger Effect (DKE) is a phenomenon where unskilled individuals assess their abilities as much higher than is accurate. David Dunning explains this issue in his article “We Are All Confident Idiots.” While his detailed descriptions and inclusion of several studies brings to light this problem that each and every one of us is afflicted by, his tone and use of provocative language may be interpreted by readers as arrogant and crude. In addition, his pessimistic tone does little to encourage his audience to actively seek solutions to the problem.…
Person centred therapy concentrates mainly on the subjective experience of the client and on how they might lose touch with their own organismic experiencing through taking on board the evaluations of others and treating them as if their own. Therapy puts importance on a relationship built on empathy; respect and non-possessive warmth. Cognitive therapy works on the assumption that clients become distressed because of faulty processors of information leading them to jump to unwarranted conclusions. Therapy involves educating clients to test the reality of their thinking and by making use of a style of questioning which helps the client to become more aware of how he thinks. Real life experiments might also be used. Psychodynamic approaches pays attention to unconscious factors which have caused neurosis. The treatment consists of working through transference where the client regards the therapist as an important figure from their past. Also the interpretation of dreams may be used. (Nelson-Jones, 2011).…
Rogers believed that the most important factor in successful therapy was not the therapist 's skill or training, but rather his or her attitude. Three interrelated attitudes on the part of the therapist are central to the success of client-centered therapy: congruence, unconditional positive regard, and empathy. Congruence refers to the therapist 's openness and genuineness—the willingness to relate to clients without hiding behind a professional facade. Therapists who function in this way have all their feelings available to them in therapy sessions and may share significant ones with their clients. However, congruence does not mean that therapists disclose their own personal problems to clients in therapy sessions or shift the focus of therapy to themselves in any other way.…
It is based on the epistemological belief that the subjective concepts interpreted by the therapist would project certain levels of predisposition based on the therapist’s point of view. In addition, the study fails to consider overemphasizing of unconditional positive regards would lost the authenticity to identify the hidden characteristic of an individual, and focus on the here-and-now failing to investigate the real origin of the individual’s problem to make further prevention will cause the individual to be unable full insight about themselves. Perhaps the most serious disadvantage of this approach is individuals in these positive atmospheres will develop adaptability and independency incompetence, eventually lead to the evolvement of discrepancies between idealism and phenomenalism (Higgins,…
During a clients designated allotted number of counseling sessions, which like Ana might only be eight, the counselor teaches a client how to turn the negative thought process and irrational beliefs into positive thoughts and rational beliefs. In order to show a person how their beliefs affect their emotional and behavioral responses Ellis created the ABC model. The ABC model broken down simply states that A is something happens, B is the belief about a situation, and C is the emotional reaction for the belief. The ABC model also shows that A does not cause C. It is B that causes C. (Ross, 2006) The role of the counselor is to give unconditional rather than conditional regard because the R.E.R.T philosophy is that no one should be damned for anything no matter how terrible or appalling their acts might be. The role of the client is to be as honest and exact as they can about how certain situations, their behavior, thoughts or feelings create disturbances with…
The therapeutic frame refers to the fundamental guidelines within which psychotherapy is conducted. Psychodynamic therapists are especially concerned with formulating the therapeutic frame to create a predictable and safe psychological and physical space for conducting therapy (Howard, 2009). It is imperative to have this space in counselling as it has been proven to optimise the conditions for the client to come to touch with his/her internal world, thus, enabling emergence of the transference relationship (Corsini, Wedding & Dumont, 2008). By establishing the frame with clients, psychotherapists essentially set out a therapeutic contract so that when they or their clients deviate from the so formed contract, they can remain open in thinking out and understanding the deviation.…
This understanding provides the key to both psychodynamic theory and practice in that present experiences and feelings can only be understood in relation to those of the past. This is reflected within the current relationship between counsellor and client which is exploring experiences, events and feelings in the conscious and working to bring those suppressed experiences from the unconscious to the conscious.…
Availability Heuristic: Gives our brains the quick shortcut to the answer we need. We make decision based on what is readily available in our minds rather than examining all the alternatives.…
221). When such an environment for individuals to become aware is limited, one develops regressive emotions or disruptive behaviors. Rogers emphasized that changes only occur under certain environmental and therapeutic conditions. After many research, he concluded, that therapists who are genuine and who provide clients unconditional acceptance, caring, and accurate empathic understanding have more successful therapy than other therapists. Roger (1959) considered that achieving congruence between ideal self and actual self is one of the most important counseling goals and that incongruence causes internal confusion, makes people vulnerable to psychological problems, and raises anxiety, maladjustment, and distortion of awareness. Therapists should provide the environment for clients with complete freedom to explore every portion of the mind and freedom from threats. As the individual gradually explore experience and became more realistic in one’s perception, one can become more accepting of oneself “as is” (Rogers,…
Imagine a world without communication. There would be a lack of spoken word, gestures; anything that the world uses to interconnect would be eliminated. All in all, our civilization as a whole would fall apart. Communication is one of the major roles in a functioning society. It can be broken up into several different subcategories, from verbal, non-verbal or emotion-driven. Communication sends signals to those around us and shows how language is such a prevalent part of one’s society. One thing that all forms of communication have in common is that it strikes a response or reaction. Different circumstances promote different forms of communication. In some forms of communication, tensions and contradictions can arise which makes those situations harder to handle. In relational dialectics, it discusses the contradictions in communication and other patterns that form positive and negative interactions within a relationship.…
Recognizing the potential for countertransference: what are your own needs? Do you have areas of unfinished business? Are there potential personal conflicts that would interfere with helping the client? Do you recognize your own areas of prejudice and vulnerabilities? Counselor impairment often leads to countertransference. The more common characteristics of impairment are:…
Many of us use counterfactual thinking every day. But what is counterfactual thinking, and how can we use it in our own life? Well to answer the first question counterfactual thinking is a concept in psychology that involves the human tendency to create possible alternatives to life events that have already occurred. So know that you know what counterfactual thinking is you can understand why most people think this way every day.…
The experience of regret arguably relies on a multifaceted, counterfactual analysis of two previously possible outcomes. An important question to consider is at what age these counterfactual emotions develop, and what enables these responses to occur. Previous research proposes that regret emerges at around 4 years old, marginally earlier than more recent studies conducted by Guttentag and Ferrell, who suggest that the experience of regret occurs relatively late in child development. The results of these studies argue that understanding, rather than simply experiencing counterfactual emotions relies heavily on a child 's ability to simultaneously conceive alternate realities, and that a recognition of differing outcomes is a necessary, rather than sufficient component of the development of regret. These findings accumulate and extend previous research, and demonstrate that the development of counterfactual thinking in children is positively correlated with a complex cognitive processing of two alternate realities.…