Income Inequality In Brazil
“More Than 1 Billion People Are Hungry in the World”
Poor gets poorer, rich gets richer
So the poor do not seem to want to eat much more even when they can. Indeed, they seem to be eating less.
So could it be that eating more doesn't actually make us particularly more productive, and as a result, there is no nutrition-based poverty trap? So perhaps there aren't a billion "hungry" people in the world after all.
So it shouldn't surprise us that the poor choose their foods not mainly for their cheap prices and nutritional value, but for how good they taste.
“More or less”
Gini index measures inequality
Brazil: inequality worldly-famous
The view that income inequality harms growth—or that improved equality can help sustain growth—has become …show more content…
more widely held in recent years. Although increasing importance of human capital in development (inequality is good), now that human capital is scarcer than machines, widespread education has become the secret to growth.
1inequality is the result of a race between technology and education.
2 Governments can stop using higher taxes and social transfers to redistribute some of the higher incomes earned by skilled workers. (institutional change) 3 changing social norms. In the past, society frowned on huge pay gaps between, say, a company’s chief executive officer and its workers. 4globalisation
The data for the calculation of global inequality come from individual countries’ household surveys, but they have to be complemented by an adjustment factor to convert national incomes into an international “currency” that has the same purchasing power in all countries of the world. Adjusted using PPP (purchasing power …show more content…
parity).
Rising inequality within each country increases global inequality, but high rates of real income growth in poor countries, and especially in the gigantic countries like China and India, reduce global inequality.
Global inequality seems to have declined from its high plateau of about 70 Gini points in 1990–2005 to about 67–68 points today. This is still much higher than global inequality was 50 or 100 years ago.
“Life at the bottom of the middle kingdom”
China's rural poverty line was "one of the lowest lines in the developing world".
How does China's new poverty line stack up? To make the comparison, you have to account for differences in purchasing power over time, as well as between countries.
In China, the PPP estimates are biased.
“The definitions of poverty”
Because they lack choices and resources, poor people are often forced to ask help from the same people who exploit them, landlords, pawnbrokers and money lenders.
Cultural identity and societal bonds can help to stabilize communities and ease the psychological stresses of poverty.
[Assets
Poor people rarely speak about income, but they do speak extensively about assets that are important to them. The four primary classifications of assets are physical capital, which includes land and material belongings; human capital, which includes health, education, training, and labor power; social capital, which refers to the extent and nature of social networks such as kin, neighbors, and associations; and environmental assets such as trees, forests, water, and non-timber products.
In some cases, poor people may choose to retain a few scarce assets even during times of hunger, illness, or other hardship.
While literacy is clearly valued, education received mixed reviews.
Families that lack certain key assets may not necessarily be poor, but nonetheless may be extremely vulnerable in times of need or crisis. ]
There is intense shame and humiliation that people feel when confronted by their own poverty and asked to describe their current living
conditions.
Comparing one’s position with others (describing poverty synchronically) : First, many people point to the worse conditions of others as examples of those who are really poor and thus they are not forced to concede their own destitution. Second people may also compare themselves to those wealthier than they, ascribing that wealth to corruption and dishonesty.
“Global inequality recalculated and updated: the effect of new PPP estimates on global inequality and 2005 estimates”
The underestimate of consumption by the rich is less than the underestimate of income by the rich.
All international and global inequality concepts show higher levels of inequality with the new 2005 PPP data than with the extrapolations based on the previous 1993 round of ICP. But global inequality between individuals does not show any clear trend over the period 1988–2005.
Poor gets poorer, rich gets richer
So the poor do not seem to want to eat much more even when they can. Indeed, they seem to be eating less.
So could it be that eating more doesn't actually make us particularly more productive, and as a result, there is no nutrition-based poverty trap? So perhaps there aren't a billion "hungry" people in the world after all.
So it shouldn't surprise us that the poor choose their foods not mainly for their cheap prices and nutritional value, but for how good they taste.
“More or less”
Gini index measures inequality
Brazil: inequality worldly-famous
The view that income inequality harms growth—or that improved equality can help sustain growth—has become …show more content…
more widely held in recent years. Although increasing importance of human capital in development (inequality is good), now that human capital is scarcer than machines, widespread education has become the secret to growth.
1inequality is the result of a race between technology and education.
2 Governments can stop using higher taxes and social transfers to redistribute some of the higher incomes earned by skilled workers. (institutional change) 3 changing social norms. In the past, society frowned on huge pay gaps between, say, a company’s chief executive officer and its workers. 4globalisation
The data for the calculation of global inequality come from individual countries’ household surveys, but they have to be complemented by an adjustment factor to convert national incomes into an international “currency” that has the same purchasing power in all countries of the world. Adjusted using PPP (purchasing power …show more content…
parity).
Rising inequality within each country increases global inequality, but high rates of real income growth in poor countries, and especially in the gigantic countries like China and India, reduce global inequality.
Global inequality seems to have declined from its high plateau of about 70 Gini points in 1990–2005 to about 67–68 points today. This is still much higher than global inequality was 50 or 100 years ago.
“Life at the bottom of the middle kingdom”
China's rural poverty line was "one of the lowest lines in the developing world".
How does China's new poverty line stack up? To make the comparison, you have to account for differences in purchasing power over time, as well as between countries.
In China, the PPP estimates are biased.
“The definitions of poverty”
Because they lack choices and resources, poor people are often forced to ask help from the same people who exploit them, landlords, pawnbrokers and money lenders.
Cultural identity and societal bonds can help to stabilize communities and ease the psychological stresses of poverty.
[Assets
Poor people rarely speak about income, but they do speak extensively about assets that are important to them. The four primary classifications of assets are physical capital, which includes land and material belongings; human capital, which includes health, education, training, and labor power; social capital, which refers to the extent and nature of social networks such as kin, neighbors, and associations; and environmental assets such as trees, forests, water, and non-timber products.
In some cases, poor people may choose to retain a few scarce assets even during times of hunger, illness, or other hardship.
While literacy is clearly valued, education received mixed reviews.
Families that lack certain key assets may not necessarily be poor, but nonetheless may be extremely vulnerable in times of need or crisis. ]
There is intense shame and humiliation that people feel when confronted by their own poverty and asked to describe their current living
conditions.
Comparing one’s position with others (describing poverty synchronically) : First, many people point to the worse conditions of others as examples of those who are really poor and thus they are not forced to concede their own destitution. Second people may also compare themselves to those wealthier than they, ascribing that wealth to corruption and dishonesty.
“Global inequality recalculated and updated: the effect of new PPP estimates on global inequality and 2005 estimates”
The underestimate of consumption by the rich is less than the underestimate of income by the rich.
All international and global inequality concepts show higher levels of inequality with the new 2005 PPP data than with the extrapolations based on the previous 1993 round of ICP. But global inequality between individuals does not show any clear trend over the period 1988–2005.